Avaliação escolar no contexto das transições educacionais : conservação e mudança

Orientadora: Profª Drª Maria Amélia Sabbag ZainkoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação. Defesa: Curitiba, 18/03/2014Inclui referênciasResumo: No presente trabalho tem-se como alvo central examinar e inquirir os processos de avaliação escolar que se desenvolveram contemporaneamente, em nosso país, no que diz respeito aos seus substratos e bases sociais e educacionais, e, também, no que concerne aos problemas e aos efeitos decorrentes das tendências e das relações de conservação e mudança em andamento. Para tanto, volta-se à consideração das questões que advêm tanto das suas configurações conceituais como das suas formulações e usos nos níveis instrumentais. Nesse complexo e denso terreno histórico e educativo, almeja-se, primordialmente, caracterizar, articular e contrapor, de modo mediado e não mecânico e linear, as visões de avaliação que absorvem e assumem formas e conteúdos de tipo regulatório e de controle negativo e, ao mesmo tempo e em contrapartida, expressam e manifestam dimensões de renovação, acolhimento e pluralidade. Assim é que pretende-se, por um lado, dar destaque aos postulados e operações que frequente e corriqueiramente acometem e afetam os recursos avaliativos, impelindo-os ao cumprimento de atribuições que os afastam e os desobrigam dos seus fins e meios substantivos e essenciais, a saber, aqueles que cultivam e fomentam uma razão nuclearizada pelos nexos propriamente pedagógicos. E, em igual medida, reorientam-se e passam a preconizar e a perpetrar objetivos e metas identificados com valores de extração conservadora e autoritária, desembocando, não poucas vezes, no apelo e no reforço aos exercícios e aos mecanismos que efetuaram e propagam a seleção e a exclusão educacional e social. Não obstante, posto por outro lado, vislumbram-se os agentes – e as correspondentes atividades avaliativas – que podem vir a impulsionar e a desencadear as ações e as tarefas que emprestarão sentidos eminentemente positivos, reformando e, mesmo, transformando os atuais padrões que, embora modernizados, impregnam e saturam com os seus traços de coerção e conservadorismo os modos de pensar e fazer a avaliação educacional. Nesse contexto, acena-se para a possibilidade – já em curso, aliás – de construir e consolidar uma concepção (e prática) de avaliação mais crítica e reflexiva, que intente transcender os restritos e limitados receituários avaliativos vigentes em vista de uma perspectiva ampliada, isto é, mais democrática, inclusiva e humana. Indica-se, ainda, que na dinâmica em curso, os procedimentos que dão corpo e conferem significados à criação e à aplicação dos métodos e instrumentos avaliativos, tendencialmente, fundem, alternam e sintetizam essa dupla carga de "funções" – positivas e negativas – arroladas e separadas em abstrato. Provavelmente, em concreto, os processos de avaliação educacional realizam-se de maneira a incluir, simultânea e contraditoriamente, essa duplicidade de propósitos e feições em suas incessantes intervenções no real, com o qual se deparam, se confrontam e interagem.Abstract: The present work has as the main target to examine and investigate the process of school evaluation assessment which has developed contemporaneously, in our country, that is concerned with its substrates, social and educational backgrounds, and is also concerned with the problems and effects of the trends and between the relations of conservation and change in progress. For that, it turns to the consideration of issues which arise both from their conceptual configurations as their formulations and uses of the instrumental levels. In this complex, dense, historical and educational field, the aim is primarily to characterize, articulate and counter in a mediating and non-mechanical and linear way, the evaluation views which absorb and assume forms and contents of a regulatory nature and negative control. On the other hand, they express and manifest dimensions of renovation, hosting and plurality at the same time. So that, first it is intended to highlight the postulates and operations that frequently and routinely involve and affect the evaluative resources , prompting them to fulfill assignments that keep them away and absolve them of their purpose, substantive and essential means such as those which cultivate and foster a core reason by properly teaching nexus. And, in equal measurement, they reorient and begin to advocate and perpetrate goals and targets identified with values of conservative and authoritarian extraction, which end, not infrequently, in the strengthening and appeal of the financial mechanisms that make and propagate the educational and social selection and exclusion. Nevertheless the agents, on the other hand, glimpse themselves and the corresponding evaluation activities - that may boost and trigger actions and tasks that lend eminently positive meanings, renovating and even transforming the current standards that , although modernized, permeate and saturate with its traces of coercion and conservative ways of thinking and doing the educational evaluation. In this context, waving to the possibility - already underway, by the way - to build and consolidate a concept (and practice) of a more critical and reflective evaluation and which attempts to transcend the narrow and limited existing evaluative prescriptions in view of an enlarged perspective, which means being more democratic, inclusive and humane. It also indicates that the dynamic ongoing procedures that embody and give meaning to the creation and application of methods and evaluation tools would tend to merge, alter and synthesize this double load " functions " - positive and negative - enrolled and separated in the abstract. Probably, in particular, the processes of educational evaluation shall be conducted to include, simultaneously and contradictorily, this duality of purpose and features in their incessant interventions in the real, with which they face, confront and interact

Effects of P-MAPA Immunomodulator on Toll-Like Receptors and p53: Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Infectious Diseases and Cancer

BACKGROUND: Compounds that can act as agonists for toll-like receptors (TLRs) may be promising candidates for the development of drugs against infectious diseases and cancer. The present study aimed to characterize the immunomodulatory effects of P-MAPA on TLRs in vitro and in vivo, as well as to investigate its potential as adjuvant therapy in infectious diseases and cancer. METHODS: For these purposes, the activity of P-MAPA on TLRs was assayed in vitro through NF-κB activation in HEK293 cells expressing a given TLR, and using an in vivo animal model for bladder cancer (BC). The antimicrobial activity of P-MAPA was tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) in vitro in an MIC assay, and in vivo using an aerosol infection model of murine tuberculosis. Antitumor effects of P-MAPA were tested in an animal model with experimentally induced BC. Moxifloxacin (MXF) and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) were used as positive controls in the animal models. RESULTS: The results showed that P-MAPA, administered alone or in combination with MXF, induced significant responses in vivo against TB. In contrast, the compound did not show antimicrobial activity in vitro. P-MAPA showed a significant stimulatory effect on human TLR2 and TLR4 in vitro. In BC, TLR2, TLR4 and p53 protein levels were significantly higher in the P-MAPA group than in the BCG group. The most common histopathological changes in each group were papillary carcinoma in BC group, low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia in BCG group and simple hyperplasia in P-MAPA group. Concerning the toxicological analysis performed during BC treatment, P-MAPA did not show evidence for hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, P-MAPA acted as TLR ligand in vitro and improved the immunological status in BC, increasing TLR2 and TLR4 protein levels. P-MAPA immunotherapy was more effective in restoring p53 and TLRs reactivities and showed significantly greater antitumor activity than BCG. The activation of TLRs and p53 may provide a hypothetical mechanism for the therapeutic effects in both cancer and infectious diseases. Taken together data obtained will encourage the further investigation of P-MAPA as a potential candidate for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases

FORMANDO PROFESSORES PARA UMA ESCOLA INCLUSIVA: OS PROJETOS PEDAGÓGICOS CURRICULARES DOS CURSOS DE LICENCIATURA EM PEDAGOGIA DAS IES PÊBLICAS LOCALIZADAS EM BELÉM-PA EM ANÁLISE

O tema desde artigo incide sobre o contexto da educação inclusiva, especificamente sobre a formação do Pedagogo. Propomos então, a luz dos ideais do materialismo histórico e dialético, analisar a formação inicial do pedagogo, com base nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) e nos Projetos Políticos Curriculares (PPC) dos cursos de pedagogia das Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) pública de Belém do Pará. O problema discutido ao longo deste artigo é o da relação entre a formação inicial do pedagogo e a educação inclusiva, em como esta vem sendo contemplada nos PPC pesquisados. O percurso metodológico adotado constitui em um levantamento bibliográfico e documental, usando como objeto de pesquisa os PPC do Curso de pedagogia das três IES públicas localizadas em Belém/Pa (UEPA, UFPA e IFPA). O papel do pedagogo na esfera escolar é de suma importância e sua formação inicial deve dar conta do peso que é estar dentro de uma sala de aula, com responsabilidades e deveres. Ao observarmos as diretrizes curriculares constatamos que a inclusão aparece de forma sutil, permitindo lacunas no espelho da formação inicial, nos PPC identificamos vários aspectos de inserção dos princípios inclusivos, mas ainda assim esta vem sendo pouco contemplada. O percurso para um perfil docente mais adequado para o atual contexto da inclusão escolar ainda está distante e precisa de muitas políticas inclusivas para que aos poucos este quadro seja alterado

Increased toll-like receptors and p53 levels regulate apoptosis and angiogenesis in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: mechanism of action of P-MAPA biological response modifier

Background: The new modalities for treating patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) for whom BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) has failed or is contraindicated are recently increasing due to the development of new drugs. Although agents like mitomycin C and BCG are routinely used, there is a need for more potent and/or less-toxic agents. In this scenario, a new perspective is represented by P-MAPA (Protein Aggregate Magnesium-Ammonium Phospholinoleate-Palmitoleate Anhydride), developed by Farmabrasilis (non-profit research network). This study detailed and characterized the mechanisms of action of P-MAPA based on activation of mediators of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4 signaling pathways and p53 in regulating angiogenesis and apoptosis in an animal model of NMIBC, as well as, compared these mechanisms with BCG treatment. Results: Our results demonstrated the activation of the immune system by BCG (MyD88-dependent pathway) resulted in increased inflammatory cytokines. However, P-MAPA intravesical immunotherapy led to distinct activation of TLRs 2 and 4-mediated innate immune system, resulting in increased interferons signaling pathway (TRIF-dependent pathway), which was more effective in the NMIBC treatment. Interferon signaling pathway activation induced by P-MAPA led to increase of iNOS protein levels, resulting in apoptosis and histopathological recovery. Additionally, P-MAPA immunotherapy increased wild-type p53 protein levels. The increased wild-type p53 protein levels were fundamental to NO-induced apoptosis and the up-regulation of BAX. Furthermore, interferon signaling pathway induction and increased p53 protein levels by P-MAPA led to important antitumor effects, not only suppressing abnormal cell proliferation, but also by preventing continuous expansion of tumor mass through suppression of angiogenesis, which was characterized by decreased VEGF and increased endostatin protein levels. Conclusions: Thus, P-MAPA immunotherapy could be considered an important therapeutic strategy for NMIBC, as well as, opens a new perspective for treatment of patients that are refractory or resistant to BCG intravesical therapy16CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO ARAUCÁRIA DE APOIO AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO ESTADO DO PARANÁ - FAFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP490519/2011-3; 475211/2013-8; 402280/2013-0225/2014; 656/20142011/05726-4; 2012/20706-2; 2012/13585-4; 2014/20465-

The Brazilian Registry of Adult Patient Undergoing Cardiovascular Surgery, the BYPASS Project: Results of the First 1,722 Patients

Objective: To report the early results of the BYPASS project - the Brazilian registrY of adult Patient undergoing cArdiovaScular Surgery - a national, observational, prospective, and longitudinal follow-up registry, aiming to chart a profile of patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery in Brazil, assessing the data harvested from the initial 1,722 patients. Methods: Data collection involved institutions throughout the whole country, comprising 17 centers in 4 regions: Southeast (8), Northeast (5), South (3), and Center-West (1). The study population consists of patients over 18 years of age, and the types of operations recorded were: coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), mitral valve, aortic valve (either conventional or transcatheter), surgical correction of atrial fibrillation, cardiac transplantation, mechanical circulatory support and congenital heart diseases in adults. Results: 83.1% of patients came from the public health system (SUS), 9.6% from the supplemental (private insurance) healthcare systemsand 7.3% from private (out-of-pocket) clinic. Male patients comprised 66%, 30% were diabetics, 46% had dyslipidemia, 28% previously sustained a myocardial infarction, and 9.4% underwent prior cardiovascular surgery. Patients underwent coronary artery bypass surgery were 54.1% and 31.5% to valve surgery, either isolated or combined. The overall postoperative mortality up to the 7th postoperative day was 4%for CABG was 2.6%, and for valve operations, 4.4%. Conclusion: This first report outlines the consecution of the Brazilian surgical cardiac database, intended to serve primarily as a tool for providing information for clinical improvement and patient safety and constitute a basis for production of research protocols.Univ Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP EPM, Hosp Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilHosp Caridade Sao Vicente Paulo, Jundiai, SP, BrazilInst Med Integral Prof Fernando Figueira IMIP, Recife, PE, BrazilHosp Base FUNFARME & FAMERP, Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, SP, BrazilIMC, Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, SP, BrazilIrmandade Santa Casa Sao Paulo INCT HPV, Fac Ciencias Med Santa Casa Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilFundacao Univ Cardiol, Inst Cardiol Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilInst Coracao Natal, Natal, RN, BrazilInst Cardiol Dist Fed, Brasilia, DF, BrazilUniv Fed Maranhao HU UFMA, Univ Hosp, Sao Luis, MA, BrazilHosp Evangelico, Cachoeiro De Itapemirim, ES, BrazilHosp Coracao Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, BrazilHosp Nossa Senhora Salete, Inst Cirurgia Cardiovasc ICCV, Cascavel, PR, BrazilHosp Wilson Rosado, Mossoro, RN, BrazilHosp Bosque Saude, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilHosp Univ Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, BrazilHosp Coracao HCor, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilHosp Coracao IP HCor, Ins Pesquisa, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilInst Coracao InCor, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP EPM, Hosp Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Soil macrofauna communities in Brazilian land-use systems

Soil animal communities include more than 40 higher-order taxa, representing over 23% of all described species. These animals have a wide range of feeding sources and contribute to several important soil functions and ecosystem services. Although many studies have assessed macroinvertebrate communities in Brazil, few of them have been published in journals and even fewer have made the data openly available for consultation and further use. As part of ongoing efforts to synthesise the global soil macrofauna communities and to increase the amount of openly-accessible data in GBIF and other repositories related to soil biodiversity, the present paper provides links to 29 soil macroinvertebrate datasets covering 42 soil fauna taxa, collected in various land-use systems in Brazil. A total of 83,085 georeferenced occurrences of these taxa are presented, based on quantitative estimates performed using a standardised sampling method commonly adopted worldwide to collect soil macrofauna populations, i.e. the TSBF (Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Programme) protocol. This consists of digging soil monoliths of 25 x 25 cm area, with handsorting of the macroinvertebrates visible to the naked eye from the surface litter and from within the soil, typically in the upper 0-20 cm layer (but sometimes shallower, i.e. top 0-10 cm or deeper to 0-40 cm, depending on the site). The land-use systems included anthropogenic sites managed with agricultural systems (e.g. pastures, annual and perennial crops, agroforestry), as well as planted forests and native vegetation located mostly in the southern Brazilian State of Paraná (96 sites), with a few additional sites in the neighbouring states of São Paulo (21 sites) and Santa Catarina (five sites). Important metadata on soil properties, particularly soil chemical parameters (mainly pH, C, P, Ca, K, Mg, Al contents, exchangeable acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, Base Saturation and, infrequently, total N), particle size distribution (mainly % sand, silt and clay) and, infrequently, soil moisture and bulk density, as well as on human management practices (land use and vegetation cover) are provided. These data will be particularly useful for those interested in estimating land-use change impacts on soil biodiversity and its implications for below-ground foodwebs, ecosystem functioning and ecosystem service delivery.Quantitative estimates are provided for 42 soil animal taxa, for two biodiversity hotspots: the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes. Data are provided at the individual monolith level, representing sampling events ranging from February 2001 up to September 2016 in 122 sampling sites and over 1800 samples, for a total of 83,085 ocurrences