An acute urinary retention in an old man caused by a giant müllerian duct cyst: a case report

Müllerian duct cysts result from an abnormality in regression of the Müllerian system. They may occasionally give rise to symptoms. We report an unusual case of acute urinary retention in an old man caused by a giant Müllerian duct cyst

Lawson criterion for ignition exceeded in an inertial fusion experiment

For more than half a century, researchers around the world have been engaged in attempts to achieve fusion ignition as a proof of principle of various fusion concepts. Following the Lawson criterion, an ignited plasma is one where the fusion heating power is high enough to overcome all the physical processes that cool the fusion plasma, creating a positive thermodynamic feedback loop with rapidly increasing temperature. In inertially confined fusion, ignition is a state where the fusion plasma can begin "burn propagation" into surrounding cold fuel, enabling the possibility of high energy gain. While "scientific breakeven" (i.e., unity target gain) has not yet been achieved (here target gain is 0.72, 1.37 MJ of fusion for 1.92 MJ of laser energy), this Letter reports the first controlled fusion experiment, using laser indirect drive, on the National Ignition Facility to produce capsule gain (here 5.8) and reach ignition by nine different formulations of the Lawson criterion

The Physiological Properties of the Pathological and Normal Paediatric Bladder

Congenital abnormalities of the lower urinary tract of children adversely affect bladder function, both immediately and throughout development, and can result in renal failure. Such patients with pathological bladder states often require reconstructive surgery in an attempt to restore lower urinary tract function. However, it is unknown if there are functional defects to the musculature of the bladder - the detrusor smooth muscle. The aim was to examine the functional properties of human paediatric detrusor in normal patients and those with pathological bladder conditions. Full thickness bladder specimens were taken from pathological bladder conditions such as posterior urethral valves, neuropathic bladder, and bladder exstrophy. Normal tissue was obtained from those with urachal anomalies or from those undergoing ureteric reimplantation procedures. Ethical committee approval and patient consent were obtained at the time of surgery at Great Ormond Street Hospital. The bladder contractile properties were characterised by in vitro myopathy and electrical field stimulation in all patient groups. The histological properties were also examined in these groups. Additionally, with bladder exstrophy samples the viscoelastic properties of the tissue was measured by passive stretch studies to determine their contribution to the overall mechanical properties. Finally, intracellular Ca2+ responses in single detrusor muscle cells to agonist stimulation were measured by epifluorecence microscopy.Nerve and agonist-mediated contraction amplitude was significantly less in samples from patients with pathological bladders compared to those with normal bladder. Histological evaluation revealed an increase in the connective tissue to smooth muscle ratio in pathological bladders. In bladder exstrophy the tissue was mechanically stiffer but the single cell responses were similar to the normal detrusor responses following agonist application. The data shows that detrusor from paediatric patients with pathological bladders exhibited reduced contractility, whether elicited by excitatory nerves or agonist application. Functional innervation was reduced in pathological bladders and the pattern of excitatory neurotransmitter release was altered