55 research outputs found
A method to study the effect of bronchodilators on smoke retention in COPD patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disease, associated with cardiovascular disease. Many patients use (long-acting) bronchodilators, whilst they continue smoking alongside. We hypothesised an interaction between bronchodilators and smoking that enhances smoke exposure, and hence cardiovascular disease. In this paper, we report our study protocol that explores the fundamental interaction, i.e. smoke retention.</p> <p>Method</p> <p>The design consists of a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomised crossover trial, in which 40 COPD patients smoke cigarettes during both undilated and maximal bronchodilated conditions. Our primary outcome is the retention of cigarette smoke, expressed as tar and nicotine weight. The inhaled tar weights are calculated from the correlated extracted nicotine weights in cigarette filters, whereas the exhaled weights are collected on Cambridge filters. We established the inhaled weight calculations by a pilot study, that included paired measurements from several smoking regimes. Our study protocol is approved by the local accredited medical review ethics committee.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Our study is currently in progress. The pilot study revealed valid equations for inhaled tar and nicotine, with an R<sup>2 </sup>of 0.82 and 0.74 (p < 0.01), respectively. We developed a method to study pulmonary smoke retentions in COPD patients under the influence of bronchodilation which may affect smoking-related disease. This trial will provide fundamental knowledge about the (cardiovascular) safety of bronchodilators in patients with COPD who persist in their habit of cigarette smoking.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>ClinicalTrials.gov: <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00981851">NCT00981851</a></p
Identificação microbiológica e sensibilidade in vitro de Candida isoladas da cavidade oral de indivíduos HIV positivos
Characterization of a new class of blue-fluorescent lipid droplet markers for live-cell imaging in plants
Immune system and zinc are associated with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. An assessment using a network-based approach.
Private Idiotypes Located on Light and Heavy Chains of Human Myeloma Proteins Characterized by Monoclonal Antibodies
Neutron excess method for performance assessment of thorium-based fuel in a breed-and-burn reactor with various coolants
Nested Event-Level Case–Control Study of Drug Use and Sexual Outcomes in Multipartner Encounters Reported by Men Who Have Sex with Men
Clinical Features and Surgical Management of Spinal Osteoblastoma: A Retrospective Study in 18 Cases
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