ANALISIS VERBA BERPREFIKS DENGAN VERBA DASAR KOMMEN DALAM BAHASA JERMAN

Verba merupakan suatu komponen yang mempunyai peranan penting dalam kalimat, karena verba digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan (Handlungen), keadaan (Zustände) dan peristiwa (Vorgänge). Dalam bahasa Indonesia verba dapat dikombinasikan dengan imbuhan atau prefiks. Hal yang sama berlaku dalam bahasa Jerman. Akan tetapi berbeda dengan bahasa Indonesia, prefiks yang menyertai verba bahasa Jerman dapat mengubah makna dari verba dasarnya, seperti contoh verba kommen yang berarti ‘berasal’, ditambahkan prefiks ent- di awal verba, menjadi entkommen, maka maknanya berubah menjadi ‘melarikan diri’. Hal tersebut sangat penting untuk dipelajari dan dipahami oleh pembelajar. Berdasarkan hal tersebut peneliti tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian mengenai verba berprefiks dengan verba dasar kommen. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui : 1) prefiks pada verba kommen, 2) jenis prefiks yang menyertai verba kommen berprefiks, dan 3) arti dari prefiks yang menyertai verba kommen berprefiks. Objek penelitian ini ialah verba kommen berprefiks yang terdapat dalam buku Tintenherz karya Cornelia Punke dan Majalah Brigitte terbitan 18 januari 2017. Adapun referensi yang digunakan untuk arti dari verba kommen berprefiks ialah Langenscheidt Groβwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Data yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini adalah 47 kalimat dengan verba kommen berprefiks. Dari 47 kalimat tersebut ditemukan 12 macam verba kommen berprefiks, yaitu ankommen (3x), entkommen (4x), entgegenkommen (1x), heraufkommen (1x), herkommen (12x), mitkommen (7x), nachkommen (1x), vorbeikommen (3x), vorkommen (4x), wiederkommen (2x), zukommen (1x), dan zurückkommen (9x). Prefiks yang menyertai verba kommen terbagi menjadi dua jenis yaitu prefiks terikat dan tidak terikat, ada 9 macam prefiks yang masuk ke dalam jenis prefiks tidak terikat, dan 3 macam jenis prefiks terikat. Dari keseluruhan jumlah prefiks tersebut 2 macam prefiks memiliki arti lebih dari satu, yaitu prefiks her- dan vor-, sedangkan 10 prefiks lainnya yaitu prefiks an-, entgegen-, ent-, herauf-, mit-, nach-, vorbei-, wieder-, zu-, dan zurück- memiliki 1 arti. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disarankan agar pembelajar dapat memperdalam prefiks melalui buku-buku gramatik dan membaca teks berbahasa Jerman berupa roman anak maupun artikel majalah. Adapun peneliti lain yang akan meneliti tentang prefiks disarankan untuk menggunakan referensi dan sumber data yang lebih banyak dan beragam. ABSTRAKT Verb ist ein Komponent, das eine wichtige Rolle in einem Satz spielt, da man ein Verb verwendet, um Handlungen, Zustände und Vorgänge zu bezeichnen. Im Indonesischen sind Verben mit Sufixen, Präfixen und so weiter kombinerbar. Das Phänomen gilt auch im Deutschen. Aber im Gegenteil zu Indonesisch kann das deutsche Präfix die Bedeutung von den Stammverben ändern, beispielweise, das Verb kommen heißt `berasal´ auf Indonesisch, aber wenn man zu dem Verb das Präfix ent- setzt, dann bedeutet das Verb ´melarikan diri´ auf Indonesisch. Solches linguistisches Phänomen ist sehr wichtig zu lernen und zu verstehen. In Bezug darauf interessiert sich die Verfasserin dafür, eine Untersuchung über die Analyse der Verben mit Präfixen am Beispiel vom Verb “kommen” im Deutschen durchzuführen. Diese Untersuchung hat den Zweck, folgende Punkte herauszufinden: 1) Präfixen vom Verb kommen; 2) die Arten von Präfixen vom Verb kommen; 3) die Bedeutung der Präfixe vom Verb kommen. Objekt dieser Untersuchung sind die Verben kommen mit Präfixen, die sich im Roman „Tintenherz“ von Cornelia Punke und in der Magazine „Brigitte“ befinden, die am 18. Januar 2017 erschienen. Als Quelle für die Bedeutungen der Verben kommen verwendet man das Langenscheidt Groβwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung sind 47 Sätze mit Verb kommen mit Präfixen. In diesen 47 Sätzen wurden 12 Arten vom Verb kommen mit Präfixen gefunden. Sie sind nämlich, ankommen (3x), entkommen (4x), entgegenkommen (1x), heraufkommen (1x), herkommen (12x), mitkommen (7x), nachkommen (1x), vorbeikommen (3x), vorkommen (4x), wiederkommen (2x), zukommen (1x), und zurückkommen (9x). Die Präfixen bestehen aus zwei Arten, nämlich untrennbare und trennbare Präfixen. Es gibt 9 Präfixsorten, die zu den trennbaren Präfixen gehören und 3 Präfixsorten zu den untrennbaren Präfixen. Aus den Datenquellen werden 2 Präfixsorten gefunden, die zwei Bedeutungen haben. Sie sind Präfix her- und vor. Allerdings haben die 10 anderen Präfixe, namlich an-, entgegen-, ent-, herauf-, mit-, nach-, vorbei-, wieder-, zu-, und zurück-, nur eine Bedeutung. Basierend auf den Untersuchungsergebnissen sollten die Deutschlernenden mithilfe der grammatischen Bücher die Beherrschung von Präfixen vertiefen und Texte im Deutschen lesen, beispielsweise Kinderromane und Artikel in Magazinen. Darüber hinaus sollten andere weitere Untersucher in demselben Untersuchungsraum zahlreichere und vielfältige Referenzen und Datenquellen benutzen

Glycosaminoglycan Interactions in Murine Gammaherpesvirus-68 Infection

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) commonly participate in herpesvirus entry. They are thought to provide a reversible attachment to cells that promotes subsequent receptor binding. Murine gamma-herpesvirus-68 (MHV-68) infection of fibroblasts and epithelial cells is highly GAG-dependent. This is a function of the viral gp150, in that gp150-deficient mutants are much less GAG-dependent than wild-type. Here we show that the major MHV-68 GAG-binding protein is not gp150 but gp70, a product of ORF4. Surprisingly, ORF4-deficient MHV-68 showed normal cell binding and was more sensitive than wild-type to inhibition by soluble heparin rather than less. Thus, the most obvious viral GAG interaction made little direct contribution to infection. Indeed, a large fraction of the virion gp70 had its GAG-binding domain removed by post-translational cleavage. ORF4 may therefore act mainly to absorb soluble GAGs and prevent them from engaging gp150 prematurely. In contrast to gp70, gp150 bound poorly to GAGs, implying that it provides little in the way of adhesion. We hypothesize that it acts instead as a GAG-sensitive switch that selectively activates MHV-68 entry at cell surfaces

The Murid Herpesvirus-4 gH/gL Binds to Glycosaminoglycans

The first contact a virus makes with cells is an important determinant of its tropism. Murid Herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4) is highly dependent on glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) for cell binding. Its first contact is therefore likely to involve a GAG-binding virion glycoprotein. We have previously identified two such proteins, gp70 and gp150. Gp70 binds strongly to GAGs. However, deleting it makes little difference to MuHV-4 cell binding or GAG-dependence. Deleting gp150, by contrast, frees MuHV-4 from GAG dependence. This implies that GAGs normally displace gp150 to allow GAG-independent cell binding. But the gp150 GAG interaction is weak, and so would seem unlikely to make an effective first contact. Since neither gp70 nor gp150 matches the expected profile of a first contact glycoprotein, our understanding of MuHV-4 GAG interactions must be incomplete. Here we relate the seemingly disconnected gp70 and gp150 GAG interactions by showing that the MuHV-4 gH/gL also binds to GAGs. gH/gL-blocking and gp70-blocking antibodies individually had little effect on cell binding, but together were strongly inhibitory. Thus, there was redundancy in GAG binding between gp70 and gH/gL. Gp150-deficient MuHV-4 largely resisted blocks to gp70 and gH/gL binding, consistent with its GAG independence. The failure of wild-type MuHV-4 to do the same argues that gp150 is normally engaged only down-stream of gp70 or gH/gL. MuHV-4 GAG dependence is consequently two-fold: gp70 or gH/gL binding provides virions with a vital first foothold, and gp150 is then engaged to reveal GAG-independent binding

Low frequency of TERT promoter mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs).

Somatic mutations in the promoter region of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene, mainly at positions c. − 124 and c. − 146 bp, are frequent in several human cancers; yet its presence in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) has not been reported to date. Herein, we searched for the presence and clinicopathological association of TERT promoter mutations in genomic DNA from 130 bona fide GISTs. We found TERT promoter mutations in 3.8% (5/130) of GISTs. The c. − 124C4T mutation was the most common event, present in 2.3% (3/130), and the c. − 146C4T mutation in 1.5% (2/130) of GISTs. No significant association was observed between TERT promoter mutation and patient’s clinicopathological features. The present study establishes the low frequency (4%) of TERT promoter mutations in GISTs. Further studies are required to confirm our findings and to elucidate the hypothetical biological and clinical impact of TERT promoter mutation in GIST pathogenesis.This project was partially supported by Barretos Cancer Hospital internal research funds (PAIP) and CNPq Universal Grant (476192/2013-7) to RMR. NCC is a recipient of an FAPESP Doctoral Fellowship (2013/25787-3). Further funding from the project ‘Microenvironment, metabolism and cancer’ that was partially supported by Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (ON.2—O Novo Norte) under the Quadro de Referência Estratégico Nacional (QREN) and the Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER). IPATIMUP is an Associate Laboratory of the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education that is partially supported by the FCT

Measurement of the inclusive and dijet cross-sections of b-jets in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The inclusive and dijet production cross-sections have been measured for jets containing b-hadrons (b-jets) in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV, using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The measurements use data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 34 pb^-1. The b-jets are identified using either a lifetime-based method, where secondary decay vertices of b-hadrons in jets are reconstructed using information from the tracking detectors, or a muon-based method where the presence of a muon is used to identify semileptonic decays of b-hadrons inside jets. The inclusive b-jet cross-section is measured as a function of transverse momentum in the range 20 < pT < 400 GeV and rapidity in the range |y| < 2.1. The bbbar-dijet cross-section is measured as a function of the dijet invariant mass in the range 110 < m_jj < 760 GeV, the azimuthal angle difference between the two jets and the angular variable chi in two dijet mass regions. The results are compared with next-to-leading-order QCD predictions. Good agreement is observed between the measured cross-sections and the predictions obtained using POWHEG + Pythia. MC@NLO + Herwig shows good agreement with the measured bbbar-dijet cross-section. However, it does not reproduce the measured inclusive cross-section well, particularly for central b-jets with large transverse momenta.Comment: 10 pages plus author list (21 pages total), 8 figures, 1 table, final version published in European Physical Journal

Jet energy measurement with the ATLAS detector in proton-proton collisions at root s=7 TeV

The jet energy scale and its systematic uncertainty are determined for jets measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 38 pb-1. Jets are reconstructed with the anti-kt algorithm with distance parameters R=0. 4 or R=0. 6. Jet energy and angle corrections are determined from Monte Carlo simulations to calibrate jets with transverse momenta pT≥20 GeV and pseudorapidities {pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy systematic uncertainty is estimated using the single isolated hadron response measured in situ and in test-beams, exploiting the transverse momentum balance between central and forward jets in events with dijet topologies and studying systematic variations in Monte Carlo simulations. The jet energy uncertainty is less than 2. 5 % in the central calorimeter region ({pipe}η{pipe}<0. 8) for jets with 60≤pT<800 GeV, and is maximally 14 % for pT<30 GeV in the most forward region 3. 2≤{pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy is validated for jet transverse momenta up to 1 TeV to the level of a few percent using several in situ techniques by comparing a well-known reference such as the recoiling photon pT, the sum of the transverse momenta of tracks associated to the jet, or a system of low-pT jets recoiling against a high-pT jet. More sophisticated jet calibration schemes are presented based on calorimeter cell energy density weighting or hadronic properties of jets, aiming for an improved jet energy resolution and a reduced flavour dependence of the jet response. The systematic uncertainty of the jet energy determined from a combination of in situ techniques is consistent with the one derived from single hadron response measurements over a wide kinematic range. The nominal corrections and uncertainties are derived for isolated jets in an inclusive sample of high-pT jets. Special cases such as event topologies with close-by jets, or selections of samples with an enhanced content of jets originating from light quarks, heavy quarks or gluons are also discussed and the corresponding uncertainties are determined. © 2013 CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration