Impacts of high resolution model downscaling in coastal regions

The issue of appropriate resolution of coastal models is addressed in this paper. The quality of coastal predictions from three different spatial resolutions of a coastal ocean model is assessed in the context of simulation of the freshwater front in Liverpool Bay. Model performance is examined during the study period February 2008 using a 3-D baroclinic hydrodynamic model. Some characteristic lengthscales and non-dimensional numbers are introduced to describe the coastal plume and freshwater front. Metrics based on these lengthscales and the governing physical processes are used to assess model performance and these metrics have been calculated for the suite of downscaled models and compared with observations. Increased model resolution was found to better capture the position and strength of the freshwater front. However, instabilities along the front such as the tidal excursion led to large temporal and spatial variability in its position in the highest resolution model. By examining the spatial structure of the baroclinic Rossby radius in each model we identify which lengthscales are being resolved at different resolutions. In this dynamic environment it is more valuable to represent the governing time and space scales, rather than relying on strict point by point tests when evaluating model skill

The role of B cells in COVID-19 infection and vaccination

B cells secrete antibodies and mediate the humoral immune response, making them extremely important in protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2, which caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this review, we summarize the positive function and pathological response of B cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and re-infection. Then, we structure the immunity responses that B cells mediated in peripheral tissues. Furthermore, we discuss the role of B cells during vaccination including the effectiveness of antibodies and memory B cells, viral evolution mechanisms, and future vaccine development. This review might help medical workers and researchers to have a better understanding of the interaction between B cells and SARS-CoV-2 and broaden their vision for future investigations