Phytochemical Screening, GCMS Profile, and In-silico properties of Bioactive Compounds in Methanolic Leaf Extracts of Moringa oleifera

Plant Based Natural Products (PBNPs) have been subject of interest since ancient time due to their use in food, industrial and biomedical applications. Research attention has further augmented to explore their phytochemical composition, properties, and potential application in the post-COVID era. In the present study phytochemical screening has been carried out with Methanolic Leaf Extracts of Moringa oleifera (MLEMO) followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. Phytochemical analysis of MLEMO revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Coumarins, Flavonoids, Glycosides, Phenol, Proteins, Quinones, Saponins, Steroids, Tannins and Terpenoids. Further, GCMS analysis revealed the presence of 41 compounds of which Dihydroxyacetone; Monomethyl malonate; 4H-Pyran-4-one,2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl; 1,3-Propanediol, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl); Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, octyl ester; 3-Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone; Sorbitol; Inositol; Cyclohexanemethanol, alpha-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl), Hexadecanoic acid, Methyl palmitate; n-Hexadecanoic acid (Palmitic acid); 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester; Phytol; 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid; Octadecanoic acid; 9-Octadecenamide were prominent. Most of the compounds in the list are bioactive and possess medicinal properties that are expected to serve as a baseline lead for the development of therapeutic agents. Keywords: Phytochemical screening; GCMS; Bioactive Natural Products; Moringa oleifera; MLEMO; Biomedical applicatio

In-silico Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination and Toxicity profile of 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid (ODA) from Moringa oleifera

9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid (ODA) a carboxylic acid composed of 18 carbon atoms and three cis double bonds. ODA is a plant derived essential fatty acid indispensable to the human system. ODA refers to many different structural and conformational isomers, that differ in the position of the double bonds along the backbone and on whether they are in cis ('Z') or trans ('E') conformation. It has been well established that ODA can only be outsourced from food and then converted into eicosa-pentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosa-hexaenoic acid (DHA) in the human system. However, this metabolic process is highly limited and the rate of conversion is influenced by several factors such as dose, gender, and disease. Studies suggest that ODA is associated with reduced risk of fatal ischemic heart disease. Further, higher intake may reduce the risk of sudden death among prevalent myocardial infarction in patients consistent with induced antiarrhythmic effect. ODA significantly reduces blood clots. Traditional usage of ODA is attributed to its cardiovascular-protective, anti-cancer, neuro-protective, anti-osteoporotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative properties. Recent pharmacological indicate that ODA has anti-metabolic syndrome, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-obesity, neuro-protective, and more specifically involved in the regulation of gut-micro-floral functionalities. Studies, both experimental and clinical trials indicate that ODA has anti-metabolic syndrome effects. In short, ODA is potentially used to treat many diseases, but in-depth ADMET studies are required to firmly re-establish its clinical efficacy and market potential. Keywords: ADMET; Moringa oleifera; Secondary Metabolites; Natural Products (NPs); Bioactive Substances; Octadecatrienoic acid (ODA); Eicosa-Pentaenoic Acid (EPA); Docosa-Hexaenoic Acid (DHA

Genetic mapping of a barley leaf rust resistance gene Rph26 introgressed from Hordeum bulbosum

Key message: The quantitative barley leaf rust resistance gene, Rph26, was fine mapped within a H. bulbosum introgression on barley chromosome 1HL. This provides the tools for pyramiding with other resistance genes. Abstract: A novel quantitative resistance gene, Rph26, effective against barley leaf rust (Puccinia hordei) was introgressed from Hordeum bulbosum into the barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivar ‘Emir’. The effect of Rph26 was to reduce the observed symptoms of leaf rust infection (uredinium number and infection type). In addition, this resistance also increased the fungal latency period and reduced the fungal biomass within infected leaves. The resulting introgression line 200A12, containing Rph26, was backcrossed to its barley parental cultivar ‘Emir’ to create an F₂ population focused on detecting interspecific recombination within the introgressed segment. A total of 1368 individuals from this F₂ population were genotyped with flanking markers at either end of the 1HL introgression, resulting in the identification of 19 genotypes, which had undergone interspecific recombination within the original introgression. F₃ seeds that were homozygous for the introgressions of reduced size were selected from each F₂ recombinant and were used for subsequent genotyping and phenotyping. Rph26 was genetically mapped to the proximal end of the introgressed segment located at the distal end of chromosome 1HL. Molecular markers closely linked to Rph26 were identified and will enable this disease resistance gene to be combined with other sources of quantitative resistance to maximize the effectiveness and durability of leaf rust resistance in barley breeding. Heterozygous genotypes containing a single copy of Rph26 had an intermediate phenotype when compared with the homozygous resistant and susceptible genotypes, indicating an incompletely dominant inheritance

New insights into the Plasmodium vivax transcriptome using RNA-Seq

Historically seen as a benign disease, it is now becoming clear that Plasmodium vivax can cause significant morbidity. Effective control strategies targeting P. vivax malaria is hindered by our limited understanding of vivax biology. Here we established the P. vivax transcriptome of the Intraerythrocytic Developmental Cycle (IDC) of two clinical isolates in high resolution by Illumina HiSeq platform. The detailed map of transcriptome generates new insights into regulatory mechanisms of individual genes and reveals their intimate relationship with specific biological functions. A transcriptional hotspot of vir genes observed on chromosome 2 suggests a potential active site modulating immune evasion of the Plasmodium parasite across patients. Compared to other eukaryotes, P. vivax genes tend to have unusually long 5′ untranslated regions and also present multiple transcription start sites. In contrast, alternative splicing is rare in P. vivax but its association with the late schizont stage suggests some of its significance for gene function. The newly identified transcripts, including up to 179 vir like genes and 3018 noncoding RNAs suggest an important role of these gene/transcript classes in strain specific transcriptional regulation