Genetic ancestry is associated with colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas in Latino populations

Colorectal cancer rates in Latin American countries are less than half of those observed in the United States. Latin Americans are the resultant of generations of an admixture of Native American, European, and African individuals. The potential role of genetic admixture in colorectal carcinogenesis has not been examined. We evaluate the association of genetic ancestry with colorectal neoplasms in 190 adenocarcinomas, 113 sporadic adenomas and 243 age- and sex-matched controls enrolled in a multicentric case–control study in Colombia. Individual ancestral genetic fractions were estimated using the STRUCTURE software, based on allele frequencies and assuming three distinct population origins. We used the Illumina Cancer Panel to genotype 1,421 sparse single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and Northern and Western European ancestry, LWJ and Han Chinese in Beijing, China populations from the HapMap project as references. A total of 678 autosomal SNPs overlapped with the HapMap data set SNPs and were used for ancestry estimations. African mean ancestry fraction was higher in adenomas (0.13, 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=0.11–0.15) and cancer cases (0.14, 95% CI=0.12–0.16) compared with controls (0.11, 95% CI=0.10–0.12). Conditional logistic regression analysis, controlling for known risk factors, showed a positive association of African ancestry per 10% increase with both colorectal adenoma (odds ratio (OR)=1.12, 95% CI=0.97–1.30) and adenocarcinoma (OR=1.19, 95% CI=1.05–1.35). In conclusion, increased African ancestry (or variants linked to it) contributes to the increased susceptibility of colorectal cancer in admixed Latin American population

Structural Insight into the Mechanism of Oxygen Activation and Substrate Selectivity of Flavin-Dependent N-Hydroxylating Monooxygenases

SidA from the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus catalyzes the generation of N(5)-hydroxyornithine in the biosynthesis of siderophores, a reaction essential for virulence. The crystal structures of SidA in complex with ornithine and lysine reveal the geometry of the interactions among flavin, NADP(+), and the substrate amine group that underlie the hydroxylation reaction. The structural elucidation of the enzyme in complex with arginine provides insight into the role of electrostatics and hydrogen bonding in the mechanism of oxygen activation in this family of enzymes