Success Attributions and More: Multidimensional Extensions of the Sexual Attribution Bias to Failure Attributions, Social Emotions, and the Desire for Social Interaction

According to the recently discovered sexual attribution bias (SAB), young adults attribute the success of same-aged, same-sex attractive stimulus persons in a more derogative way than the success of less attractive same-sex persons, whereas this pattern is reversed for members of the opposite sex. Because this bias has so far only been investigated with respect to attributions in success scenarios, two studies examined its potential transferability to other psychological variables and settings: Study 1 (N = 419)demonstrated analogous biases for emotions and the desire for social interaction, and Study 2 (N = 509) revealed that the SAB can also be extended to failure scenarios

School Violence and the Culture of Honor

We investigated the hypothesis that a sociocultural variable known as the culture of honor would be uniquely predictive of school-violence indicators. Controlling for demographic characteristics associated in previous studies with violent crime among adults, we found that high-school students in culture-of-honor states were significantly more likely than high-school students in non-culture-of honor states to report having brought a weapon to school in the past month. Using data aggregated over a 20-year period, we also found that culture-of honor states had more than twice as many school shootings per capita as non-culture-of-honor states. The data revealed important differences between school violence and general patterns of homicide and are consistent with the view that many acts of school violence reflect retaliatory aggression springing from intensely experienced social-identity threats.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

A Novel Culture-Dependent Gesture Selection System for a Humanoid Robot Performing Greeting Interaction

In human-robot interaction, it is important for the robots to adapt to our ways of communication. As humans, rules of non-verbal communication, including greetings, change depending on our culture. Social robots should adapt to these specific differences in order to communicate effectively, as a correct way of approaching often results into better acceptance of the robot. In this study, a novel greeting gesture selection system is presented and an experiment is run using the robot ARMAR-IIIb. The robot performs greeting gestures appropriate to Japanese culture; after interacting with German participants, the selection should become appropriate to German culture. Results show that the mapping of gesture selection evolves successfully

‘We’ are more likely to endorse than ‘I’: the effects of self-construal and brand symbolism on consumers’ online brand endorsements

Recent research increasingly highlights that consumers engage in online brand endorsements (e.g. Facebook likes) to signal their identity, but has failed to explain why different consumers use this type of signaling to differing degrees. This paper addresses this gap by looking at a culturally constructed individual difference variable, namely self-construal. Self-construal, which can be independent or interdependent, refers to the extent that people define themselves in terms of the relations they have with others. In four studies, this research shows that consumers’ self-construal is related to their intention to endorse brands online. In particular, high levels of interdependent self-construal positively affect consumers’ intention to endorse brands online (Studies 1A & 1B). This effect is mediated by an increased perception of brands’ symbolic value (Study 2). Moreover, this positivity bias toward symbolic brand cues is conditional upon consumers’ brand attitude (Study 3). These findings demonstrate that consumers’ identity plays a central role in their brand perception and brand-related social media use

De invloed van seksuele oriëntatie op aandacht: een mogelijk gaydar mechanisme

Personen met een homoseksuele oriëntatie wordt vaak een ‘telepathisch zesde zintuig’ toegeschreven waarmee ze andere homoseksuelen zouden kunnen herkennen (Reuter, 2002). Dit fenomeen wordt ook wel aangeduid als gaydar - een samenstelling van gay en radar (Shelp, 2002). Ofschoon waarneembare verschillen tussen homo- en heteroseksuelen niet door iedereen worden opgemerkt, rapporteren verschillende studies subtiele maar onderscheidende kenmerken die worden gedeeld door homoseksuelen, zoals haardracht (Rule, Ambady, Adams & Macrae, 2008), beweging van het lichaam en gebaren (Ambady, Hallahan & Connor, 1999), spraakpatroon (Linville, 1998), en grootte van de penis (Bogaert & Hershberger, 1999). Er schijnt dus een perceptuele basis te zijn waarop mensen een betrouwbare gaydar kunnen ontwikkelen, en homoseksuelen zijn hier blijkbaar beter in getraind. Deze studie gaat niet zozeer in op de individuele perceptuele-informatie-elementen die ten grondslag liggen aan gaydar, maar beantwoordt de vraag of een homoseksuele oriëntatie is geassocieerd met systematische veranderingen in aandachtprocessen. De meeste perceptuele-informatie-elementen die de gaydar moet verwerken, zijn relatief specifiek en lokaal van aard en vereisen dus gerichte aandacht om deze te snel te kunnen detecteren. Er is toenemend bewijs dat de gewoonte om bepaalde aandachtsets aan te wenden een chronische aandachtvoorkeur kan bewerkstelligen die generaliseert naar overige, niet-gerelateerde situaties

Culture and Personal Epistemology: U.S. and Middle Eastern Students’ beliefs about Scientific Knowledge and Knowing

Middle Eastern (Omani) and Western (U.S.) students’ beliefs about knowledge and knowing in the sciences were compared on four dimensions of personal epistemology proposed by Hofer and Pintrich ( Review of Educational Research (1997), 67 , 88–140). As predicted, given their experiences with comparatively traditional political and religious institutions, Omani more so than U.S. college students were more likely to accept scientific authorities as the basis of scientific truth. Furthermore, Omani men were more accepting of authorities than were Omani women, but there was no gender difference among U.S. students. Omani more than U.S. students also believed that knowledge in the sciences was simpler and more certain, which is consistent with comparisons between U.S. and Asian students (e.g., Qian & Pan, 2002, A comparision of epistemological beliefs and learning from science text between American and Chinese high school students. In B. K. Hofer & P. R. Pintrich (Eds.), Personal epistomology: The psychology of beliefs about knowledge and knowing (pp. 365–385), Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum). Students in the two countries did not differ, however, in whether their beliefs were based on personal opinions versus systematic evidence. Suggestions for further research included directly assessing experiences with, and attitudes toward, authorities in academic and other areas of students’ lives.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43812/1/11218_2005_Article_1826.pd