Geographical and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 clades in the WHO European Region, January to June 2020

We show the distribution of SARS-CoV-2 genetic clades over time and between countries and outline potential genomic surveillance objectives. We applied three available genomic nomenclature systems for SARS-CoV-2 to all sequence data from the WHO European Region available during the COVID-19 pandemic until 10 July 2020. We highlight the importance of real-time sequencing and data dissemination in a pandemic situation. We provide a comparison of the nomenclatures and lay a foundation for future European genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2.Peer reviewe

Un m?todo agroecol?gico r?pido para la evaluaci?n de la sostenibilidad de cafetales

5 ilus. 2 tab. 6 ref.Se propone una metodolog?a para estimar la calidad del suelo y la salud de un cultivo, utilizando indicadores sencillos de emplear. Con base en la estimaci?n de estos indicadores, el productor y el investigador pueden determinar el estado agroecol?gico de la plantaci?n. Con los valores obtenidos para cada indicador se construyen diagramas tipo "ameba", que permiten visualizar el estado general de la calidad del suelo y la salud del cultivo, considerando que mientras m?s se aproxime la "ameba" al di?metro del c?rculo (valor 10, ?ptimo) el sistema es m?s sostenible. La metodolog?a, aunque fue dise?ada para caf?, es aplicable a otros agroecosistemas. Adem?s permite estimar la sostenibilidad en forma comparativa o relativa, monitoreando la evoluci?n de un mismo agroecosistema a trav?s del tiempo, o comparando dos o m?s agroecosistemas con diferente manejo o estados de transici?n

Una base agroecol?gica para el diseno de sistemas diversificados de cultivo en el tr?pico

2 tab. Bib. p. 19-20Los sistemas diversificados de peque?a escala, que utilizan principalmente recursos locales y combinaciones complejas de los cultivos, son relativamente estables y productivos, y presentan rendimientos altos por unidad de trabajo y energ?a. Los policultivos complejos y los sistemas agroforestales practicados por peque?os productores tropicales imitan varios aspectos de la estructura y el funcionamiento de las comunidades naturales, como el reciclaje de nutrientes, resistencia al ataque de plagas, estructura vertical y altos niveles de biodiversidad. Un enfoque agroecol?gico para mejorar los sistemas agr?colas peque?os en el tr?pico debe asegurar que los sistemas y tecnolog?as que promueve sean apropiados para las condiciones ambientales y socioecon?micas espec?ficas de los peque?os productores, sin incrementar su dependencia de insumos externos. Los proyectos de desarrollo agroecol?gico deber?n incorporar elementos del conocimiento agr?cola tradicional y la ciencia agr?cola moderna, incluyendo sistemas que conserven los recursos y a la vez sean muy productivos, tales como los policultivos, la agroforester?a, y los sistemas que integran cultivos y animales. Resulta ecol?gicamente f?til promover monocultivos mecanizados en ?reas con una biota compleja, donde las plagas abundan durante todo el a?o y la lixiviaci?n de nutrientes es un obst?culo considerable. En estos casos, es m?s ventajoso imitar los ciclos naturales en lugar de tratar de imponer ecosistemas simplificados en ?reas donde son naturalmente complejos. Por esta raz?n, muchos investigadores creen que los ecosistemas sucesionales son modelos particularmente apropiados para el dise?o de agroecosistemas tropicales sostenibles. Small scale diversified systems, which rely mostly on local resources and complex crop arrangements, are reasonably productive and stable, exhibiting a high return per unit of labor and energy. Complex polycultures and agroforestry systems used by small tropical farmers mimic the structure and function of natural communities in many ways, therefore acquiring many features typical of such communities, such as tight nutrient cycling, resistance to pest invasion, vertical structure, and high levels of biodiversity. An agroecological approach to improve tropical small farming systems must ensure that promoted systems and technologies are suited to the specific environmental and socio-economic conditions of small farmers, without increasing risk or dependence on external inputs. Rather, agroecological development projects should incorporate elements of traditional agricultural knowledge and modern agricultural science, featuring resource-conserving yet highly productive systems such as polycultures, agroforestry, and the integration of crops and livestock. It is ecologically futile to promote mechanized monocultures in areas of overwhelming biotic intricacy where pests flourish year-round and nutrient leaching is a major constraint. Here, it pays to imitate natural cycles rather than struggle to impose simplistic ecosystems on ones that are inherently complex. For this reason, many researchers think that successional ecosystems can be particularly appropriate templates for the design of sustainable tropical agroecosystems

Latent variable modelling of the relationship between flow and exercise-induced feelings: an intuitive appraisal perspective

[Abstract]: The present study examined the relationship between self-reported levels of Flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975) and the post-exercise feelings of Positive Engagement, Revitalisation, Tranquillity, and Physical Exhaustion (Gauvin & Rejeski, 1993) using responses from 1, 231 aerobic dance exercise participants. Vallerand’s (1987) intuitive-reflective appraisal model of self-related affects and Csikszentmihalyi’s (1975) conceptual framework for optimal experience served as the guiding theoretical frameworks. It was hypothesised that self-reported flow would be positively associated with revitalisation, tranquillity and positive engagement while statistical independence was expected for physical exhaustion. First, participants completed the Flow State Scale (Jackson & Marsh, 1996) and second, the Exercise-induced Feeling Inventory (Gauvin & Rejeski, 1993) immediately after an aerobic dance exercise class. Latent variable analyses showed that the higher-order Flow factor was positively associated with post-exercise Positive Engagement, Revitalisation, and Tranquillity, but not with Physical Exhaustion. Flow state explained 35% of the variance in Positive Engagement, 31% of the variance in Revitalisation, and 22% of the variance in Tranquillity. It is concluded that self-reported flow in aerobic dance exercise is moderately associated with the experience of positive post-exercise feelings. Physical educators may wish to employ interventions to facilitate the flow experience during lessons that involve structured exercise