A Model for the Effectiveness of Aircraft Alerting and Warning Systems

The effectiveness of an alerting system with a single alert was analyzed. The pilot's decision behavior is modeled by the theory of signal detection and therefore accounts for different strengths of cross check information and different pilot criteria. The model includes the effects of the alerting and warning system (CAWS) error rate; the pilot's past experience with the CAWS accuracy; his reliance on the CAWS rather than independent monitoring; missed alerts; and adoption of a minimum error or Neyman-Pearson objective rather than minimum cost objective. It is showwn that for rare events: (1) the expected cost is greatly increased if the pilot ignores the a posteriori information in the existence of an alert; (2) the expected cost is insensitive to CAWS Type 1 errors; and (3) the expected cost is sensitive to CAWS type 2 errors only when the cross check information is ambiguous

Some results of generalized limits.

In 1915 E.H. Moore introduced the following extension of the calculus limit. If D is a set of general elements p and G is the set of all finite classes s of Elements p, then a number-valued function f = (f(s)/s) on the domain S converges to a number a if a positive implies there exists se in G such that scc implies |f(s) -a