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    ВлияниС Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π²ΡŠΡ€Ρ…Ρƒ износа Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ с биомасата Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΡŠΠ½Ρ‡ΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄

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    The study was conducted under pot experimental conditions with Alluvial-meadow soil. The aim of the trial was to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and silicon fertilizer rates in the soil and their impact on the uptake of basic macronutrients with sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) biomass. The experiment included 16 variants of increased fertilizer rates in 3 replications. Data on the yield of fresh and absolutely dry biomass from the aboveground part of plants and on the content of N, P, K, Si, Ca and Mg in the dry biomass was obtained. According to the data obtained, the content and uptake of the examined macroelements with the sunflower biomass were significantly influenced by the rates and fertilizer combinations. The highest uptake of nitrogen was in the variants with the following rates: N200, N300, and N400. The changes in the macroelements’ uptake followed the changes in the quantities of the relevant elements in dry biomass in the variants of the experiment. By increasing the fertilizer rates the content of N, P, and Si, and their uptakes with sunflower biomass was increased. This trend with potassium was expressed to a lower extent.ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π΅ изслСдванС Π² условията Π½Π° съдов ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‚ Π²ΡŠΡ€Ρ…Ρƒ Алувиално-Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΄Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π²Π°. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° СкспСримСнта Π΅ Π΄Π° сС ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈ СфСктивността ΠΈ взаимодСйствиСто Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Π°Π·ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΈ, фосфорни, ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΠΈ ΠΈ силициСви Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π²Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ влияниСто ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡŠΡ€Ρ…Ρƒ износа Π½Π° основни ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ с биомасата ΠΎΡ‚ ΡΠ»ΡŠΠ½Ρ‡ΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄ (Helianthus annuus L.). ΠžΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŠΡ‚ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π²Π° 16 Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½Π΅ с 3 повторСния. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈ са Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΎΡ‚ свСТа ΠΈ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ‚Π½ΠΎ суха биомаса ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π°Π΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° част ΠΈ ΡΡŠΠ΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° N, P, K, Si, Ca ΠΈ Mg Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° суха биомаса ΠΎΡ‚ растСнията. Бъгласно ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ СкспСримСнтални Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ ΡΡŠΠ΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΡŠΡ‚ Π½Π° изслСдванитС ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ с биомасата са повлияни Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. Най-висок Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΡŠΡ‚ Π½Π° Π°Π·ΠΎΡ‚Π° във Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ с Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ° N200, N300 ΠΈ N400. УстановСно Π΅, Ρ‡Π΅ измСнСнията Π½Π° износитС Π½Π° изслСдванитС ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ слСдват измСнСнията Π½Π° количСствата ΠΎΡ‚ ΡΡŠΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ Π² сухата биомаса ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°. Π‘ повишаванС Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½Π΅ сС повишава Π½Π΅ само ΡΡŠΠ΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΡŠΡ‚ Π½Π° N, P, ΠΈ Si. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ калия Ρ‚Π°Π·ΠΈ тСндСнция Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π·Π΅Π½Π° Π² ΠΏΠΎ-ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΊΠ° стСпСн

    ВлияниС Π½Π° биовъглСн Π²ΡŠΡ€Ρ…Ρƒ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ² ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ†Π°Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ†Π° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ°Π»Π½Π° активност ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Алувиално- Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΄Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π²Π°

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    A three-year field experiment with maize was carried out on fluvisol. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of biochar on maize yield at different levels of water stress and its effect on the amount of soil microorganisms. The following variants were studied: control with no biochar addition, and variants with biochar. Biochar was applied in 2 t/ha in 2016, produced by pyrolysis of rice straw, then in 3 t/ha in 2017 and 10 t/ha in 2018, both obtained by pyrolysis of oak bark. These variants were divided into three more depending on the irrigation regime: i.e. non-irrigated, irrigation at dT>0 Β°C, and irrigation at dT0 ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ dT<-1. УстановСно Π΅, Ρ‡Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ условия, Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡŠΡ‚ Π½Π° биовъглСна ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ†Π°Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ†Π° Π½Π΅ сС проявява ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π· Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ добавянСто ΠΌΡƒ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π²Π°Ρ‚Π°. Π”ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π΅, Ρ‡Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ условията Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½ Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ са ΡΡŠΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π΅Π½ΠΈ с водния стрСс Π½Π° растСнията, ΠΏΠΎ-високи Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ†Π°Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ†Π°Ρ‚Π° сС ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π· Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈ внасянСто Π½Π° биовъглСна Π² ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π²Π°Ρ‚Π° Π΅ Π² Π½Π°ΠΉ-голямо количСство (10 t/ha). ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ-скоро (ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ-нисък Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½ стрСс dT<-1) са ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅, Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎ-висок Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²ΡŠΡ‚. ΠŸΠΎΡ‡Π²Π΅Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° влаТност сС измСня ΠΏΠΎ-Π±Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ с биовъглСн ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΈ стойности Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° са ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ dT<-1 ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π· 2018 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°. НаправСната ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π²Π°, Ρ‡Π΅ влияниСто Π½Π° биовъглСна Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ-голямо Π²ΡŠΡ€Ρ…Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π²Π΅Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π»ΠΎΡ€Π°. Най-силно ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π·Π΅Π½ стимулиращ Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ Π½Π° биовъглСна Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ спрямо Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ

    Π‘ΡŠΠ΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ износ Π½Π° основни ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ с биомасата ΠΈ Π·ΡŠΡ€Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Π΅Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊ (Hordeum vulgare L.) ΠΎΡ‚Π³Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½ ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ послСдСйствиС

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    A field study with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was conducted on the area of long-term balance experiment in Tsalapitsa village near Plovdiv (Bulgaria), on alluvial-meadow soil. Mineral fertilization was not applied to this crop in order to equalize the area regarding nutrient content. The crop grown before barley was maize with 4 variants of fertilization and one control variant: N0P0, N100Π 50, N150Π 100, N200Π 150, and N250P200. The present study aimed to evaluate the productivity, content and uptake of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) with the biomass of barley, grown as aftereffect. Due to the fertilization of the previous crop, different residual amounts of nutrients in soil lead to significant variability in barley yields. The highest grain yield was obtained in variant N250P200 - 3978.8 kg/ha, approximately four times higher than the yield in the control. Nitrogen content in the grain of barley is also influenced by the variants, being the lowest in the control - 1.25%, and the highest in variants N250P200 and N200P150 - 2.13% and 2.09%, respectively. The variability of P, K, Ca and Mg contents by variants is lower. With the total biomass of barley, depending on the variants of the experiment, between 23.2 - 132.7 kg N/ha; 26.6 - 146.3 kg K/ha and 9.3 - 36.5 kg P/ha were exported from the field. A good regression relationship was found between barley grain yield and nitrogen export with the total biomass (R2 = 0.859, P≀0.001).Π’ΡŠΡ€Ρ…Ρƒ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‰Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° многогодишСн балансов ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‚ Π² ОП Π¦Π°Π»Π°ΠΏΠΈΡ†Π°, Пловдивско (Π‘ΡŠΠ»Π³Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ), Π½Π° AΠ»ΡƒΠ²ΠΈΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΄Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π²Π° Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ полски СкспСримСнт с ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½ Π΅Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊ (Hordeum vulgare L.). ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ·ΠΈ посСв Π½Π΅ сС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π° ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½Π΅, с Ρ†Π΅Π» изравняванС Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‰Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡŠΠ΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Ρ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π½Π° Π΅Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΅ Ρ†Π°Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ†Π° с 4 Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚: N0P0, N100Π 50, N150Π 100, N200Π 150 ΠΈ N250P200. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° настоящото изслСдванС Π΅ Π΄Π° сС оцСнят продуктивността, ΡΡŠΠ΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈ износа Π½Π° основни ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ (N, P, K, Ca ΠΈ Mg) с биомасата Π½Π° Π΅Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊ, ΠΎΡ‚Π³Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½ ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ послСдСйствиС. ВслСдствиС Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŠΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ количСства Ρ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π²Π°Ρ‚Π° водят Π΄ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚ Π΅Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊ. Най-висок Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ² Π·ΡŠΡ€Π½ΠΎ Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ N250P200 - 3978.8 kg/ha, ΠΊΠΎΠΉΡ‚ΠΎ Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΎ 4 ΠΏΡŠΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ-висок, ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π°. Π‘ΡŠΠ΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Π°Π·ΠΎΡ‚ Π² Π·ΡŠΡ€Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Π΅Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΡŠΡ‰ΠΎ сС повлиява Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π² ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°, ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΉ-ниско Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π° – 1.25%, Π° Π½Π°ΠΉ-високо във Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ N250P200 ΠΈ N200Π 150, ΡΡŠΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎ 2.13 ΠΈ 2.09%. Π‘ΡŠΠ΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ - P, K, Ca ΠΈ Mg, Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ€Π° ΠΏΠΎ-слабо ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ. Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π° биомаса Π½Π° Π΅Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π² зависимост ΠΎΡ‚ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π² ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π° ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ сС изнасят ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ 23.2 kg ΠΈ 132.7 kg N/ha, ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ 26.6 ΠΈ 146.3 kg K/ha ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ 9.3 ΠΈ 36.5 kg P/ha. Установява сС ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π° рСгрСсионна зависимост R2 = 0.859, P≀0.001 ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΎΡ‚ Π·ΡŠΡ€Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ износа Π½Π° Π°Π·ΠΎΡ‚ с ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π°Ρ‚Π° биомаса Π½Π° Π΅Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°
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