ANTIFUNGAL EFFECTS OF ALOE VERA IRRIGANT ON CANDIDA ALBICANS BIOFILM

Objective: Candida albicans tolerates unfavorable environmental conditions by forming biofilms, which can cause problems following endodontictreatments. C. albicans is the most common fungus found in failed root canals. Using natural irrigants with good antifungal properties for use assynthetic irrigant alternatives during root canal cleaning and shaping is very important. This study aimed to analyze the effects of Aloe vera onC. albicans biofilm.Methods: C. albicans biofilm was divided into the following five groups: Group I, no treatment (control group); Groups II, III, and IV, A. vera with aconcentration of 100%, 75%, and 50%, respectively; and Group V, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 17%.Results: The average biofilm colony count for C. albicans for the A. vera 100%, 75%, and 50% groups was higher than that for the EDTA 17% groupbut lower than that for the control group.Conclusion: A. vera has antifungal effects on C. albicans biofilm, with the greatest effect occurring at 75% concentration

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF NISIN AS AN IRRIGANT AGAINST ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS BIOFILM

Objective: This study aimed to compare the antibacterial efficacy of 10% nisin, 2% chlorhexidine (ChX), and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm in vitro.Methods: Petri dishes containing brain heart infusion agar were seeded with E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) and were incubated overnight at 37°C. Thecellulose nitrate filter membrane was inoculated with E. faecalis for 72 h to grow a biofilm, and we performed the direct contact test between the testsolutions and the biofilm for 10 min. The DNA was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction with propidium monoazide additive to countthe living cells.Results: The number of E. faecalis bacteria in the 2% ChX group was the lowest (8.36×103 CFU/mL) while the highest number of bacteria - among theantibacterial substances tested - in the nisin 10% group (5.55×106 CFU/mL).Conclusion: The antibacterial effects against E. faecalis biofilm of 10% nisin were not comparable with those of 2% ChX and 2.5% NaOCl

TOXIC EFFECTS OF 2.5% SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE, 17% ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID, AND 2% CHLORHEXIDINE SOLUTIONS ON THE VIABILITY OF DENTAL PULP MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS

Objective: Disinfection of the root canal system is a key factor in the success of regenerative endodontic treatment. However, dental irrigationsolutions must exert bactericidal effects while maintaining stem cell viability. This study aimed to compare the effects of solutions containing 2.5%sodium hypochlorite, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and 2% chlorhexidine on the viability of dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells.Methods: Primary cells were obtained from immature third molars and cultured. Subsequently, an immunofluorescence assay specific for themesenchymal stem cell marker STRO-1 was used to identify dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells in the cultures. These cells were exposed to the threeabove-described solutions, after which cell viability was analyzed using an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay.Results: The viabilities of dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells treated with the three irrigating solutions differed significantly from the viability ofcontrol cells (P ≤ 0.05). However, no significant differences in cell viability were observed among the solutions (P ≥ 0.05).Conclusion: All tested solutions had toxic effects on the viability of dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF XANTHORRHIZOL (CURCUMA XANTHORRHIZA ROXB.) AGAINST THE BIOFILM OF FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM

Objective: Endodontic infections are treated with a root canal; one of the stages involves using an irrigation solution to eliminate microorganisms.Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is an irrigation solution used to eliminate Fusobacterium nucleatum, the common cause of primary endodonticinfections. However, this material is synthetic and can cause side effects and inflammation of the periapical tissues. Thus, an irrigation solution, suchas xanthorrhizol, which is made of natural ingredients, is required. However, xanthorrhizol’s antibacterial effect against F. nucleatum has never beenassessed. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the effect of xanthorrhizol, derived from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., against F. nucleatum ATCC 25586biofilm.Methods: The methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay test and colony count test were performed to assess F. nucleatum eradication after exposure toxanthorrhizol at various concentrations (0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, and 1.5%) and 2.5% NaOCl, which was used as positive control.Results: Significant differences were observed in terms of cell viability after treatment with xanthorrhizol at concentrations of 1.25% versus 0.5%,0.75%, and 1%. The MTT assay test was used to evaluate cell viability in the biofilm and cell metabolism activities. Results showed no significantdifferences in terms of efficacy between xanthorrhizol at concentrations of 1.25% and 1.5%, which are considered effective against F. nucleatum, and2.5% NaOCl (p>0.05).Conclusion: The effect of xanthorrhizol at concentrations of 1.25% and 1.5% against F. nucleatum is similar to that of 2.5% NaOCl

CYTOGENETIC COMPARISON OF BIOCERAMIC, SILICONE, AND METHACRYLATE RESIN SEALERS ON T LYMPHOCYTES (MICRONUCLEI ANALYSIS)

Objective: Biocompatibility refers to the manner in which materials respond to living cells and includes cytotoxicity, cytogenicity, genotoxicity, andcarcinogenicity. To determine cytogenicity, we count the micronuclei that form after applying materials to living cells. Sealer is a chemical materialthat can be directly contacted in periapical tissue and is potentially cytogenetic. Bioceramic, silicon, and methacrylate resin sealers have ingredientsthat are potentially cytogenetic. We examined the interactions of these sealers with lymphocyte T-cells.Methods: We counted the number of micronuclei following treatment with bioceramic, silicone, and methacrylate resin sealers on lymphocyte T-cellsat 1, 3, and 7 days.Results: The micronuclei scores associated with bioceramic and silicone sealers were lower than methacrylate resin (p<0.05) between days 1, 3, and 7.The micronuclei scores of bioceramic and silicone sealers on day 1 were higher than on days 3 and 7. There were no significant between-groupdifferences for bioceramic and silicone sealers on days 3 and 7. The highest micronuclei score for methacrylate resin was on day 1.Conclusion: Bioceramic and silicone sealers were less cytogenetic than methacrylate resin sealer. However, all of the sealers produce micronuclei ondays 1, 3, and 7

COMPARISON OF ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY BETWEEN XANTHORRHIZOL (CURCUMA XANTHORRHIZA ROXB.) AND CHLORHEXIDINE 2% AGAINST ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS CLINICAL ISOLATE BIOFILM

Objective: In root canal treatments, chlorhexidine (CHX) is widely used for irrigation and is effective in killing Enterococcus faecalis. CHX is a syntheticchemical and is toxic to host cells; therefore, natural or herbal irrigation solutions, which are safer but still effective, are necessary. The aim of thisstudy is to analyze the effect of xanthorrhizol (XNT) derived from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. on E. faecalis clinical isolate biofilm formation (0.5%,0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, and 1.5%).Methods: The MTT assay and total plate count were performed for assessing the effectiveness of herbal ingredients, while CHX (2%) was used as apositive control. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests for analyzing differences between groups.Results: Xanthorrhizol concentrations of 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, and 1.5% reduced the amount of bacteria that grew as biofilms in vitro. We foundthat the ability of xanthorrhizol 1% to inhibit E. faecalis biofilm formation was not significantly different compared with that of CHX 2% (p>0.05).Conclusion: Xanthorrhizol 1% can inhibit biofilm formation by E. faecalis. Further studies are required to confirm this preliminary result

REMINERALIZATION EFFECT OF POLYASPARTIC ACID IN THE POLYMER-INDUCED LIQUID PRECURSOR PROCESS ON THE INTRAFIBRILLAR DENTIN (SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE AND ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY ANALYSIS)

Objective: This study aims to analyze remineralization that occurred in demineralized dentin following polyaspartic acid (pAsp) in PILP immersion.Methods: Sixteen dentin block samples were immersed in demineralized solution. The samples were divided into controls (no pAsp immersion) orpAsp immersion for 3, 7, or 14 days (n’s=4). The samples were evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe morphology andenergy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) to observe calcium and phosphate levels.Results: SEM revealed that pAsp immersion resulted in significantly higher dentin remineralization compared to the control group. However, therewere no significant differences among 3, 7, and 14 days of immersion. EDX revealed that remineralization occurred by the deposition of calcium andphosphate ions.Conclusion: Including pAsp in the PILP process produced rapid remineralization of demineralized dentin

COMPARISON OF ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF XANTHORRHIZOL (CURCUMA XANTHORRHIZA ROXB.) AND 2% CHLORHEXIDINE AGAINST CANDIDA ALBICANS AMERICAN TYPE CULTURE COLLECTION 10231 BIOFILM

Objective: Several studies suggest that 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), an effective irrigation solution against Candida albicans biofilm, is toxic to host cells,thus an effective and safe alternative irrigation solution is needed. Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) containing xanthorrhizol (XNT) hasbeen reported to have an antifungal effect, yet no studies to date have reported the optimum dose of XNT in inhibiting C. albicans biofilm, so the aimof this study was to determine the optimum dose of XNT against C. albicans biofilm.Methods: C. albicans American Type and Culture Collection (ATCC) 10231 biofilm was exposed to XNT for 15 min. Then, the antifungal effect wastested using 3-[4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenytetrazolium bromide reduction assay and total plate count (TPC).Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the percentage of biofilm eradication and TPC results following exposure ofC. albicans ATCC 10231 biofilm to 1% XNT, 1.25% XNT, and 2% CHX.Conclusion: Our results suggest that 1% XNT and 1.25% XNT have an antifungal effect against C. albicans ATCC 10231 biofilm equivalent to that of2% CHX

THE ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF N-ACETYLCYSTEINE AS AN ENDODONTIC IRRIGANT ON THE CLINICAL ISOLATES OF THE ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS BIOFILM

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial potential of NAC as an endodontic irrigant on the clinical isolates of the Enterococcus faecalis biofilm.Methods: NAC with a pH of 2.5 and 11 (NAC pH 2.5 and NAC pH 11, respectively) were exposed to clinical isolates of E. faecalis biofilms for 1 min. The NAC samples were compared to 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), which is commonly used as an irrigant in persistent infections. The antibacterial potential of these irrigants was evaluated by comparing the bacterial count of the E. faecalis colonies after they were exposed to the irrigants.Results: The NAC pH 2.5 test group showed a reduction in the E. faecalis colonies, but this reduction was not statistically significant when compared to the 2% CHX group results. The NAC pH 11 test group showed the greatest reduction in bacterial colonies, and this reduction was statistically significant when compared to the NAC pH 2.5 and 2% CHX groups' results.Conclusion: NAC pH 11 has antibacterial potential on the clinical isolates of E. faecalis biofilms

EFFECTS OF COLD LATERAL VERSUS WARM VERTICAL COMPACTION OBTURATION ON THE PUSH-OUT BOND STRENGTH OF BIOROOT™, A CALCIUM SILICATE-BASED SEALER

Objective: BioRoot™ , which contains pure calcium silicate, is used in cold lateral compaction. However, hydroxyl ions are still released when BioRoot™is used in warm vertical compaction. This study compared the effects of cold and warm vertical compaction obturation on the push-out bond strengthof BioRoot™.Methods: Specimens from 16 root canals instrumented with ProTaper Next X5 50/06 were divided into two groups (n=16 specimens per group).Group 1 was obturated using cold lateral compaction, whereas Group 2 was obturated using warm vertical compaction. All samples were incubatedfor 48 h (37°C, 100% humidity) and embedded into an acrylic block. Starting at 7 mm from the apex, two 2-mm-thick slices of each sample were cut.Dislodgement resistance was measured using a universal testing machine, and the push-out bond strength was calculated.Results: There was a significant difference in the push-out bond strength value between cold (4.5–41.1 MPa) and warm (4.12–24.25 MPa) compactionobturation (p<0.05).Conclusion: Cold lateral compaction provides better adhesion capability than warm vertical compaction in root canal obturation