Sentimientos, sentidos y significados en pacientes de hospitales públicos en el noreste de brasil

Objetivo Conocer los sentimientos, significados y la resiliencia en pacientes de hospitales públicos en el nordeste de Brasil. Método Entre enero y julio de 2005 se realizó en Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, una in-vestigación etnográfica con 13 pacientes adultos, en un hospital público general, utilizando métodos cualitativos. La observación libre, abierta y exhaustiva, por medio de entrevista etnográfica, se combinó con la descripción de los momentos vividos y las observaciones del participante. Los datos fueron organizados mediante Análisis Categórico Temático e interpretados sobre la base de criterios de humanización, Psicología y Antropología médica. Resultados Los sentimientos percibidos por los pacientes son múltiples, tanto nega¬tivos como positivos, en la experiencia de hospitalización. Los significados de hos¬pital fueron: peligro, cárcel, sufrimiento y aprendizaje. Para hacer frente a las adver¬sidades utilizan estrategias de resiliencia, lazos de solidaridad entre los pacientes, amigos y miembros de la familia, actitudes, pensamientos y características perso¬nales, y la fe religiosa. Conclusiones Las conclusiones nos animan a dar los pasos hacia una práctica profesional que facilite la coexistencia armoniosa en el entorno hospitalario y a reali¬zar estudios que incrementen la resiliencia de los pacientes

Etno-evaluación de la humanización hospitalaria por el usuario del sistema único de salud brasileño y sus mediadores

La investigación tuvo por objetivo etno-evaluar la humanización de la asistencia hospitalaria según la percepción de los usuarios hospitalizados. Los datos fueron recolectados de enero a julio del 2005, en un hospital público de Fortaleza-CE, a través de la opinión del paciente. Participaron 13 usuarios hospitalizados. El análisis fue realizado por análisis de categorías: etno-evaluación de la estructura y dinámica hospitalaria, la imagen hospitalaria y la competencia profesional humana y técnica. Los usuarios utilizaron varias formas para suavizar sus opiniones, siendo mostrados factores denominados de mediadores de la etno-evaluación catalogados como: condiciones de la entrevistas, condición socioeconómica, personalidad y religiosidad del usuario, narración irónica, diagnóstico sombrío y necesidades atendidas y experiencia anterior a la hospitalización. Aspectos mencionados por los pacientes son significativos para movilizar profesionales y gestores para cambios que promuevan la humanización e incluyan al usuario como etno-evaluador crítico social.A pesquisa teve por objetivo etno-avaliar a humanização da assistência hospitalar na percepção de usuários hospitalizados. Os dados foram coletados de janeiro a julho de 2005, em hospital público de Fortaleza-CE, por meio do percurso do paciente. Participaram 13 usuários hospitalizados. A análise foi realizada pela técnica de análise categorial, originando as categorias: etno-avaliação da estrutura e dinâmica hospitalar, da imagem hospitalar e da competência profissional humana e técnica. Os usuários utilizavam múltiplas facetas para suavizar suas opiniões, sendo desvelados fatores incluídos nessas facetas, denominados mediadores da etno-avaliação, e os categorizaram em: condições da entrevista, condição socioeconômica, personalidade e religiosidade do usuário, discurso irônico, diagnóstico sombrio e necessidades atendidas e experiência anterior de hospitalização. Elementos revelados pelos pacientes são significativos para mobilizar profissionais e gestores com vistas a mudanças que promovam a humanização e incluam o usuário como etno-avaliador crítico social.This study was aimed at evaluating the humanization of hospital care ethnically, as perceived by the hospitalized patients. Data were collected from 13 inpatients from January to July/2005 in a public hospital in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, according to the patient's circuit. This analysis yielded the following categories: ethnic evaluation of the hospital structure and dynamics, hospital and professional image, human and technical competence. The subjects used multiple aspects to soften their opinions, unveiling factors named mediators of the ethnical evaluation. Such aspects were categorized into: conditions of the interview, socio-economic status, user's personality and religiousness, ironic speech, somber diagnosis and necessities met, and prior hospitalization experiences. The elements revealed by the patients are significant in order to encourage professionals and mediators to mobilize towards humanizing changes, including the user as a social and critical ethnic evaluator

Feminist Economics, Setting out the Parameters

___Introduction___ Feminist economics has developed its position over the past decade, towards a firmer embeddedness in economic science and a source of inspiration for activists, policy makers, and social science researchers in a wide variety of fields of research. This development has come about in a relatively short period of time, as is reflected, for example, in the follow-up book of the feminist economic primer Beyond Economic Man (Ferber/Nelson 1993), published ten years later: Feminist Economics Today (Ferber/Nelson, 2003) The strengthened position of feminist economics also shows in the 10-year anniversary of the prize-winning journal Feminist Economics, the flourishing of the International Association for Feminist Economics (IAFFE), as well as the more regular demand for feminist economic policy advise by institutions like the UN, OECD and governments in developed and developing countries, and in well-established training courses in feminist economics, such as at the Institute of Social Studies and University of Utah . It is impossible to give a fair overview of the state of the art of feminist economics in the number of pages available, even when limited to issues pertaining to development and macroeconomics . As a consequence, this is a very sketchy and subjective overview of what I perceive to be recent developments in feminist economics that have relevance for feminist development analysis and policy. The next section recognizes three trends in feminist economics, in particular the engagement of feminist economists with heterodox schools of economics. The following sections will briefly review developments in methodology and methods in feminist economics. These will be followed by three sections on topics that have recently become key themes or areas of research in feminist economics, in particular in the area of development economics: unpaid labour and the care economy; the two-way relationship between gender and trade; and gender, efficiency and growth. Each of these topics will be introduced, with references to the main literature, and some links to policy recommendations. The paper will end with a conclusion