Clustering Algorithms: Their Application to Gene Expression Data

Gene expression data hide vital information required to understand the biological process that takes place in a particular organism in relation to its environment. Deciphering the hidden patterns in gene expression data proffers a prodigious preference to strengthen the understanding of functional genomics. The complexity of biological networks and the volume of genes present increase the challenges of comprehending and interpretation of the resulting mass of data, which consists of millions of measurements; these data also inhibit vagueness, imprecision, and noise. Therefore, the use of clustering techniques is a first step toward addressing these challenges, which is essential in the data mining process to reveal natural structures and iden-tify interesting patterns in the underlying data. The clustering of gene expression data has been proven to be useful in making known the natural structure inherent in gene expression data, understanding gene functions, cellular processes, and subtypes of cells, mining useful information from noisy data, and understanding gene regulation. The other benefit of clustering gene expression data is the identification of homology, which is very important in vaccine design. This review examines the various clustering algorithms applicable to the gene expression data in order to discover and provide useful knowledge of the appropriate clustering technique that will guarantee stability and high degree of accuracy in its analysis procedure

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Not AvailableEffect of roughage based complete feed pellet diets on nutrient utilization, growth performance and serum profile of camel calves was studied. Duration was 213 days. Twelve healthy male camel calves of Bikaneri and Kutchchi (age 2.5 months; 430 kg body weight), randomally allotted to 3 groups, 4 calves in each group were fed complete feed pellets containing crude protein and total digestible nutrients of 9.94 and 63.35 (A); 12.24 and 62.62 (B); and 15.44 and 58.95(C) per cent respectively. Camel calves of group A recorded significantly (P<0.01) higher body weight gain (0.687kg/d) as compared to group B (0.493kg/d) and C (0.410kg/d). Feed efficiency in terms of DMI kg/kg live weight gain was observed to be significantly (P<0.01) different among 3 groups. It was maximum in camel calves of group A (10.80) followed by B camel calves (13.91) and minimum in C (16.53). Although feed cost (Rs./q) was higher in A (686.00) but due to higher growth, the feed cost in rupees per kg live weight gain was the lowest in A (80.13) and highest in C (115.95). No significant variation was observed for digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, EE, CF, NDF and ADF but digestibility coefficient of CP and NFE showed significant (P<0.05) difference among the groups. While CP digestibility increased significantly (P<0.05) from A to B and C, no significant difference was observed between B and C. The NFE digestibility showed significant (P<0.05) fall from A to C but difference between A and B was non-significant. The daily intake of DCP (g/kg metabolic body weight) increased significantly (P<0.05) from group A to C whereas DM and TDN intake was statistically similar among 3 groups. There was no significant difference among 3 groups for serum, glucose, total protein, albumin, but serum urea differed significantly (P<0.05). The results revealed that camel calves can be fed on diet containing 9.94%crude protein and 63.35% TDN with 50:50 roughage to concentrate ratio for better growth rate and feed conversion efficiency.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIn a lactation trial of 194 days, 10 Jaisalmeri breed camels aged 10–20 years having body weights of 607.90 ± 24.63 kg in their 2–4 parity were fed on iso-nitrogenous (12%) complete feed blocks having 50 (G1), 55 (G2) and 60% (G3) levels. Milk yield of group G1 was minimum 7.69 litres per day and it was maximum of 8.44 litres/d in group G3 indicating positive effect of higher dietary energy level. During the experimental period group G1 lactating camels lost their body weights (49 kg or -256.54 g/d), group G2 camels maintained whereas the lactating camels of group G3 lost marginally (−5.75 kg or -29.64 g/d) live weights. The dry matter intake (DMI) kg/d or kg/100 kg body weight was 9.77 ± 0.07 or 1.72 ± 0.03 in group G1 and 9.84 ± 0.12 or 1.65 ± 0.04 in group G 2 which were statistically similar but significantly (P<0.5) increased to 11.57 ± 0.81 or 1.99 ± 0.08 in group G3, respectively. Digestibility coefficients of OM and NFE proximate principles differed significantly (P<0.05) among three groups which increased from group G1 to group G3. The digestibility of DM, CP, EE and CF was similar among group G1 and G2 but was significantly (P<0.05) different and lower than that in group G3. The daily intake of DCP (g), TDN (g) and ME (MJ)/kg metabolic body weight was significantly (P<0.05) different among 3 groups and increased from group G1 to G3 with increase in dietary energy level. The daily intake of DCP (g), TDN (g) and ME (MJ)/kg metabolic body weight was 5.07 ± 0.07, 43.19 ± 0.53 and 0.65± 01 in group G1; 5.32 ± 0.13, 44.19 ± 1.12, 0.67 ± 0.02 in group G2 and 6.79 ± 0.03, 60.32 ± 1.53 and 0.91 ± 0.03 in group G3, respectively. It was inferred that lactating camels of group G3 given complete feed block containing 6.97% DCP and 107.21 ME MJ performed better in terms of milk yield, body weight maintenance and nutrient utilisation.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe study was conducted to explore the feasibility of incorporation of oat straw in the diet of camels. Five adult male camels (726.00 kg B.Wt., 8–10 years) were fed sole roughage diet of dry chaffed oat (Avena sativa) straw in phase I to estimate its nutritional worth followed by feeding of oat straw and groundnut (Arachis hypogea) haulms in 1:1 ratio in second phase II to study the impact on nutrient digestibility and intake. In phase III, the camels were switched to sole roughage ration of groundnut haulms. Average DM intake kg/d or DMI kg/100 kg body weight was minimum (3.83 or 0.54) in camels fed sole oat straw ration which improved (P<0.05) on supplementation in second phase (6.80 or 0.98) and was maximum in third phase (8.70 or 1.20) in camels given only groundnut haulms. The digestibility of DM, OM, CP was similar in phase II and III but significantly (P<0.01) higher than in phase I. Because of supplementation effect of better nutritional valued groundnut haulms, the intake of DM, DCP and ME increased significantly (P<0.01) from phase I to phase III. Similar serum glucose, total protein in 3 phases but higher serum urea level (P<0.01) was observed in phase I followed by phase II and lower in phase III. The results indicated poor nutritional value of oat straw and the need of its pre-treatment to increase its digestibility for incorporation in the animal diet.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableEffect of three dietary protein lev els on the nutrient utilization, growth performance and serum profile of camel calves was studied for 367 days. Fourteen healthy male camel calves of Bikaneri, Kutchchi and Jaisalmeri breeds (age 15 months; 291.00±7.64 kg b. wt.) were randomly allotted to 3 groups, 5 calves each in group I and II and 4 in group III and fed isocaloric feed blocks containing 9.50, 12.00 and 14.50% CP. The dry matter intake (DMI) was 1.48+0.09, 1.55±0.02 and 1.38±0.05 Kg/100 Kg Bh in groups I, II and III, respectively. Digestibility of DM, OM, EE, and CF did not vary significantly among the groups. CP digestibility increased (P<0.05) from group I to groups II and III due to higher dietary protein level. NFE digestibility was decreased (P<0.01) from group I to groups II and III due to change in ratio of energy and protein in the diet. Daily DCP intake/kg W0.75 was similar in groups II and III but significantly (P<0.05) higher than in group I, however, TDN intake was statistically similar among the groups. The average growth rates in groups I, II and III were 0.349±0.02, 0.381±0.02, and 0.392±0.01 kg/d, respectively. Feed conversion efficiency (kg DM intake/kg body weight gain) was highest in group III (15.35) followed by group II (15.76) and lowest in group I (16.80), however, variation among groups was not significant. Serum GPT, glucose, total glycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, calcium and phosphorus levels did not vary among the groups, however, variations for GOT and chlorides level were significant (P<0.05). It is concluded that camel calves fed on diet containing 14.04% CP and 63.43% TDN exhibited better growth rate and feed conversion efficiency.Not Availabl

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