Antiplatelet effects of licking an aspirin tablet can be detected by thrombelastography

Aspirin is a cornerstone of treatment in cardiovascular disease. However, individual responses vary and hyporesponsiveness has been associated with poor outcomes following percutaneous intervention. Point of care assays for detecting the effects of aspirin in individual patients would therefore be useful. Thrombelastography has been shown to correlate with optical aggregation in the assessment of antiplatelet therapies and is suitable for use as a point of care assay. We demonstrate the ability of thrombelastography to detect the profound effects of even the tiny doses of aspirin obtained by licking an aspirin table

Thromboelastography: potential bedside tool to assess the effects of antiplatelet therapy?

Modified thrombelastography (TEG) is a simple point of care test that provides an overall assessment of ex vivo clot formation and currently has limited clinical application. We evaluated the ability of TEG to assess the effects of antiplatelet therapy on clot formation using a novel assessment parameter (the area under curve). Forty healthy volunteers were divided into four groups of 10. Group A took aspirin 75 mg once daily for 7 days followed by aspirin 75 mg and clopidogrel 75 mg once daily in combination for 7 more days. Blood samples were taken for analysis at day 0 and days 7 and 14. Group B took a single 300 mg dose of aspirin. Group C took 600 mg of clopidogrel only. Group D took 300 mg of aspirin and 600 mg of clopidogrel at the same time. For groups B, C and D blood was taken prior to drug administration and at 2, 6 and 24 h afterwards. Each sample was tested by TEG in four channels following activation using (1) kaolin, (2) activator F (Act F), a direct activator of fibrin, (3) Act F + arachidonic acid (AA) and (4) Act F + adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Parameters measured included the maximum amplitude (MA) of the clot and the area under the TEG-generated curve at 1 h. Significant, time-dependent reductions in MA and area were seen in the AA-activated samples following administration of aspirin in all groups as compared to baseline. By contrast, there were no significant differences in MA or area in the AA-activated samples with clopidogrel alone. Significant reductions were also seen in MA and area in ADP-activated samples from volunteers treated with clopidogrel as compared to baseline. Three out of 10 subjects receiving 600 mg clopidogrel had a reduction in their responses of 30% or less, thus identifying them as relatively resistant to the drug. This study identifies a rapid, reliable method for assessing the time-dependent effects of antiplatelet therapy on clotting using a novel parameter of area of the TEG trace, which could have an important clinical application as a point of care test of efficacy, particularly in the context of acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary intervention

Cardiac magnetic resonance directed intervention following right ventricular infarction

A 45 year old man presented 30 hours after suffering an inferior ST elevation myocardial infarction (MI). On admission he was in cardiogenic shock with signs of severe right ventricular compromise, a junctional rhythm and acute renal failure. Initial creatine kinase was 4000 iu/l and echocardiography confirmed an akinetic right ventricle and inferior wall of the left ventricle. He was stabilised with supportive medical treatment and a cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) scan performed to look for viability in the infarct zone and ischaemia in the non-infarcted territory. The late gadolinium images provided a graphic illustration of a right ventricular full thickness MI with no evidence of viability. The dobutamine stress MR images revealed reversible ischaemia in the territory supplied by the left anterior descending artery. This information was used to recommend interventional therapy only to the territory that evidence suggested would benefit from revascularisation. In this case, the right coronary artery was occluded at angiography and, since this supplied non-viable myocardium, it need not be opened. The left anterior descending artery had a severe stenosis and, in view of the reversible ischaemia, revascularisation was recommended. This case provides a rare image of right ventricular infarction and illustrates the valuable use of CMR in directing appropriate interventional therapy. <br/

Long-term continuation on cardiovascular drug treatment in patients with coronary heart disease

BACKGROUND: Combination therapy to reduce risk factors is effective in preventing recurrent cardiovascular disease events in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), but medications need to be continued indefinitely to maximize the benefits. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the extent of long-term continuation with cardiovascular drug therapy and its expected impact on the prevention of CHD. METHODS: We studied 242 patients with CHD who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention following an acute coronary syndrome over a 6 month period in 2004. We prospectively examined the extent to which specific drugs and drug combinations were continued over time by reviewing medication use at the time of hospital discharge and after 2 years. The results were used to estimate the expected loss in preventive efficacy due to discontinuation of therapy. RESULTS: The changes over a 2 year period in the proportions of patients taking each drug class were as follows: 15% reduction for aspirin (95% CI, -21 to -9), 10% reduction for statins (95% CI, -16 to -5), 19% reduction for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (95% CI, -26 to -12), 12% reduction for beta-blockers (95% CI, -18 to -6), 0% increase for calcium-channel blockers (95% CI, -5 to 6), 2% increase for thiazides (95% CI, -2 to 6), and 12% increase for angiotensin-II receptor blockers (95% CI, 6 to 18). The combination of aspirin, statin, and at least 2 blood pressure lowering drugs was prescribed to 81% of patients, three-quarters of whom remained on this combination after 2 years. The overall expected preventive effect on CHD of the combined medication taken during hospitalization and after 2 years was 80% and 74%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CHD, long-term continuation of combination cardiovascular drug therapy is considerably greater than generally perceive

Thrombelastography: current clinical applications and its potential role in interventional cardiology

Thrombelastography is a bedside blood test used to assess patients' haemostatic status. It has a well-established role in hepatobiliary and cardiac surgery and is also used in obstetrics and trauma medicine to assess coagulation and identify the causes of post-operative bleeding. It is not routinely used in the diagnosis or treatment of thrombosis although recently it has been shown to predict thrombotic events post-operatively and after percutaneous intervention (PCI). In cardiovascular medicine the importance of the platelet in the pathophysiology of vascular events is increasingly apparent. As a result antiplatelet therapy is a cornerstone of the treatment for coronary disease, particularly in the setting of acute coronary syndromes. The increasing utilization of stents, particularly drug-eluting devices, in PCI has also necessitated widespread use of antiplatelet agents to minimize the risk of stent thrombosis. A quick, accurate and reliable test to measure the effect of platelet inhibition by antiplatelet agents on clotting in an individual patient would be of profound clinical value. The results from such a test could provide prognostic information, allow treatment with antiplatelet agents to be tailored to the individual and identify resistance to one or more of these agents. Optimization and tailoring of anti-platelet therapy in patients with cardiovascular disease, particularly those undergoing PCI, using such a test may reduce morbidity and mortality from thrombotic and haemorrhagic complications. Current methods of assessing platelet activity measure platelet count and function in isolation. Optical aggregation is the most widely used method for assessing platelet function but it is relatively time consuming, measures platelet function in isolation rather than in the context of clot formation and is not a bedside test. By contrast the modified thrombelastograph platelet mapping kit marketed by Haemoscope can be used to assess the effects of antiplatelet agents on ex vivo blood clotting, thus giving a measurement more relevant to in vivo responses. This represents a potentially powerful tool to assess response of individual patients to antiplatelet therapy, particularly in the context of PCI