Histologic Study Of Head Cartilage Degeneration In Rainbow Trout (oncorhynchus Mykiss) Infected With The Parasite Myxobolus Cerebralis

A light microscopy study of head cartilage tissue in rainbow trout alevins (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with the parasite Myxobolus cerebralis showed that, regardless of the presence or absence of whirling disease symptoms such as black tail and whirling swimming due to altered tail and spine morphology, some fish presented large amounts of spores lodged in the head after three months of infection. The spores were located in regions where the cartilage was extensively destroyed.352111116Andree, K.B., Gresoviac, S.J., Hedrick, R.P., Small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences unite alternate actinosporean and myxosporean stages of Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease in salmonid fish (1997) J. Euk. Microbiol., 44 (3), pp. 208-215Andree, K.B., MacConnell, E.M., Hedrick, R.P., A nested polymerase chain reaction for the detection of genomic DNA of Myxobolus cerebralis in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (1998) Dis. Aquat. Org., 34, pp. 145-154Andree, K.B., MacConnell, E.M., Hedrick, R.P., A polymerase chain reaction test for detection of Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of salmonid whirling disease in fish, and a comparison to existing detection techniques (1998) Dis. Aquat. Org., 34 (2), pp. 145-154Andree, K.B., El-Matbouli, M., Hedrick, R.P., Comparison of 18S and ITS-1 rDNA sequences of specific geographic isolates of Myxobolus cerebralis (1999) Intl. J. Parasitol., 29, pp. 771-775Andree, K.B., Szekely, C., Gresoviac, S.J., Hedrick, R.P., Relationships among members of the genus Myxobolus (Myxozoa: Bivalvidac) based on small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences (1999) J. Parasitol., 85 (1), pp. 68-73Bechara, I.J., Youssef, N.N., Roberts, D.W., Study of the tail fin rays of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with the parasite Myxobolus cerebralis (2002) J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol., 34 (3), pp. 299-304Eiras, J.C., (1994) Elementos de Ictioparasitologia, p. 339. , Ed. Fundação Eng. António de Almeida, Universidade de Porto, PortugalEl-Matbouli, M., Hoffmann, R.W., Experimental transmission of two Myxobolus spp. developing bisporogeny via tubificid worms (1989) Parasitol. Res., 75, pp. 461-464El-Matbouli, M., Fischer-Scherl, T., Hoffmann, R.W., Present knowledge on the life cycle, taxonomy, pathology and therapy of some myxosporea spp. important for freshwater fish (1992) Ann. Rev. Fish Dis., 3, pp. 367-402El-Matbouli, M., Hoffmann, R.W., Mandok, C., Light and electron microscopic observations on the route of the triactinomyxon-sporoplasm of Myxobolus cerebralis from epidermis into rainbow trout cartilage (1995) J. Fish Biol., 46, pp. 919-935El-Matbouli, M., Hoffmann, R.W., Schoel, H., McDowell, T.S., Hedrick, R.P., Whirling disease: Host specificity and interaction between the actinosporean stage of Myxobolus cerebralis, and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (1999) Dis. Aquat. Org., 35, pp. 1-12Ghittino, P., Vigllani, E., Myxosomiasis of trout: An old parasitosis which is still topical (1978) Riv. It. Piscic. Ittiopat., 13, pp. 15-20Halliday, M.M., Studies on Myxosoma cerebralis a parasite of salmonids, II. The development and pathology of Myxosoma cerebralis in experimentally infected rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fry reared at different temperatures (1973) Nordisk Veterinaermedicin, 25, pp. 349-358Halliday, M.M., The biology of Myxosoma cerebralis: The causative organism of whirling disease of salmonids (1976) J. Fish Biol., 9, pp. 339-357Hedrick, R.P., El-Matbouli, M., Adkison, M.A., MacConnell, E., Whirling disease: Re-emergence among wild trout (1998) Immunol. Rev., 166, pp. 365-376Hofer, B., Über die Drehkrankheit der Regenbogenforelle (1903) Allgm. Fischereizeitung, 28, pp. 7-8Hoffman, G.L., Intercontinental and transcontinental dissemination and transfaunation of fish parasites with emphasis on whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis) (1970) Die Fish und Shellfish, pp. 69-81. , Snieszko S.F. ed., Washington, DC, American Fisheries SocietyHoffman, G.L., Byrne, C.J., Fish age as related to susceptibility to Myxosoma cerebralis, cause of whirling disease (1974) Prog. Fish Cult., 36, p. 151Hoffman, G.L., Dunbar, C.E., Bradford, A., Whirling disease of trout caused by Myxosoma cerebralis in the United States (1962) Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Special Scientific Report-Fisheries, 427, pp. 1-15Lom, J., Hoffman, G.L., Morphology of the spores of Myxosoma cerebralis (Hofer, 1903) and M. cartilaginis (Hoffman, Putz, and Dunbar, 1965) (1971) J. Parasitol., 57, pp. 1302-1308Lunger, P.D., Rhoads, B.Z., Wolf, K., Markiw, M.E., Thin-section microscopy of mature Myxosoma cerebralis (Myxosporidea) spores (1975) J. Parasitol., 61, pp. 476-480Markiw, M.E., Portals of entry for salmonid whirling disease in rainbow trout (1989) Dis. Aquat. Org., 6, pp. 7-10Markiw, M.E., Whirling disease: Earliest susceptible age of rainbow trout to the triactinomyxid of Myxobolus cerebralis (1991) Aquaculture, 92, pp. 1-6Markiw, M.E., Experimentally induced whirling disease. 1. Dose response of fry and adults of rainbow trout exposed to the triactinomyxon stage of Myxobolus cerebralis (1992) J. Aquat. Anim. Health, 4, pp. 40-43Marty, G.D., McDowell, T.S., Georgiadis, M.P., Hedrick, R.P., Comparative susceptibility of rainbow trout and brown trout to experimental infections with Myxobolus cerebralis (1999) Proceedings of the Whirling Disease Symposium, pp. 45-49. , February 18-20, Missoula, MontanaMolnár, K., Comments on the host, organ and tissue specificity of fish myxosporeans and on the types of their intrapiscine development (1991) Hung. Soc. Parasitol., 27, pp. 5-20Plehn, M., Lentospora cerebralis (Hofer) Plehn (1905) Archiv. Protistenkunde, 5, pp. 145-166. , English translation of pp. 145-152 and 156-165Schaperclaus, W., Die Dreh-Kankheit in der forellenzucht und ihre bekampfung (1931) Z. Fisherei, 29, pp. 521-567Schaperclaus, W., (1979) Fischkrankheiten, , 2 vol. Akademie-Verlag, BerlinSchisler, G.J., Bergersen, E.P., Walker, P.G., Wood, J., Epp, J., Comparison of single-round polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and pepsin-trypsin digest (PTD) methods for detection of Myxobolus cerebralis (2001) Dis. Aquat. Org., 45, pp. 109-114Schulman, S.S., (1966) Myxosporidan Fauna of USSR, , Akademia Nauk SSSR, Moscow. (In Russian). English translation: 1988. Amerind Publishing Co., TT 77-52043, New Delhi, India, and Fish Farming Experimental Station, Stuttgart, ArkansasWolf, K., Markiw, M.E., Myxosoma cerebralis: Inactivation of spore by hot smoking of infected trout (1982) Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci., 39, pp. 926-928Wolf, K., Markiw, M.E., Biology contravenes taxonomy in the Myxozoa: New discoveries show alternation of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts (1984) Science, 255, pp. 1449-145

Study Of The Tail Fin Rays Of Rainbow Trout (oncorhynchus Mykiss) Infected With The Parasite Myxobolus Cerebralis

A light, transmission and scanning microscope study of the rays (lepidotrichia) forming the tail fin of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings infected with the parasite Myxobolus cerebralis showed that triactinomyxon adherence to the tail fin of host fingerlings occurred 10 min after infection. After 2 h of exposure, it was possible to observe triactinomyxon spores in the epidermis. Although the characteristic symptoms of the disease, such as a black tail and a change in tail morphology, were observed, there was no attack against the tissue forming the tail fin rays and triactinomyxon spores were not observed inside the leptotrichial matrix at any stage indicating that the spores do not reach the rays or that their observation was not possible under the conditions of the present study.343299304Antonio, D.B., Andree, K.B., McDowell, T.S., Hedrick, R.P., Detection of Myxobolus cerebralis in rainbow trout and oligochaete tissues by using a nonradioactive in situ hybridization (ISH) protocol (1998) J. Aquatic Animal Health, 10, pp. 338-347Arita, G.S., A re-examination of the functional morphology of the soft-rays in teleosts (1971) Copeia, 4, pp. 691-697Becerra, J., Montes, G.S., Bexiga, S.R.R., Junqueira, L.C.U., Structure of the tail fin inteleosts (1983) Cell Tissue Res., 230, pp. 127-137Blanc, M., Structure histologique des rayons de nageoires chez les poissons téléostéens (1947) Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 72, pp. 17-22Bouvet, J., Différenciation et ultrastructure du squelette distal de la nageoire pectorale chez la truite indigène (Salmo trutta fario L.). I. Différenciation et ultrastructure des lépidotriches (1974) Arch. Anat. Microsc. Morphol. Exp., 63, pp. 63-79Eiras, J.C., (1994) Elementos de Ictioparasitologia, p. 339. , Ed. Fundação Eng. António de Almeida, Universidade de Porto, PortugalEl-Matbouli, M., Fischer-Scherl, T., Hoffmann, R.W., Present knowledge on the life cycle, taxonomy, pathology and therapy of some myxosporea spp. important for freshwater fish (1992) Annu. Rev. Fish Dis., 3, pp. 367-402El-Matbouli, M., Hoffmann, R.W., Mandok, C., Light and electron microscopic observations on the route of the triactinomyxon-sporoplasm of Myxobolus cerebralis from epidermis into rainbow trout cartilage (1995) J. Fish Biol., 46, pp. 919-935El-Matbouli, M., Hoffmann, R.W., Schoel, H., McDowell, T.S., Hedrick, R.P., Whirling disease: Host specificity and interaction between the actinosporean stage of Myxobolus cerebralis and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (1999) Dis. Aquat. Org., 35, pp. 1-12Goodrich, E.S., On the dermal fin-rays of fishes-living and extinct (1904) J. Microsc. Sci., 47, pp. 465-522Goss, R.J., Stagg, M.W., The regeneration of fins and fin rays in Fundulus heteroclitus (1957) J. Exp. Zool., 136, pp. 487-508Halliday, M.M., The biology of Myxosoma cerebralis: The causative organism of whirling disease of salmonids (1976) J. Fish Biol., 9, pp. 339-357Harrison, R.J., Über die Entwicklung der nicht knorpelig vorgebildeten skeletteile in den Flossen der Teleostier (1893) Arch. Mikrosk. Anat., 42, pp. 248-278Hedrick, R.P., El-Matbouli, M., Adkison, M.A., MacConnell, E., Whirling disease: Re-emergence among wild trout (1998) Immunol. Rev., 166, pp. 365-376Hofer, B., Über die Drehkrankheit der Regenbogenforelle (1903) Allgemeine Fischereizeitung, 28, pp. 7-8Hoffman, G.L., Intercontinental and transcontinental dissemination and transfaunation of fish parasites with emphasis on whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis) (1970) Dis Fish and Shellfish, pp. 69-81. , Snieszko S.F. ed., Washington, DC, American Fisheries SocietyHoffman, G.L., Dunbar, C.E., Bradford, A., Whirling disease of trout caused by Myxosoma cerebralis in the United States (1962) Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Special Scientific Report-Fisheries, 427, pp. 1-15Kemp, N.E., Park, I.H., Regeneration of lepidotrichia and actinotrichia in the tail fin of the teleost Tilapia mossambica (1970) Dev. Biol., 22, pp. 321-342Krukenberg, C.F., Über die chemische Beschaffenheit der sog. Hornfaden von Mustelus und über die Zusammensetzung der keratinosen Hollen um die Eier von Scyllium stellate (1885) Mitt. Zool. Stat. Neapel., 6, pp. 286-296Marty, G.D., McDowell, T.S., Georgiadis, M.P., Hedrick, R.P., Comparative susceptibility of rainbow trout and brown trout to experimental infections with Myxobolus cerebralis (1999) Proceedings of the Whirling Disease Symposium, pp. 45-49. , February 18-20, Missoula, MontanaMontes, G.S., Becerra, J., Toledo, O.M.S., Gordilho, M.A., Junqueira, L.C.U., Fine structure and histochemistry of the tail fin ray in teleosts (1982) Histochemistry, 75, pp. 363-376Moss, M.L., The biology of acellular teleosts bone (1963) Ann. Nat. Acad. Med. Sci., 109, pp. 337-350Schachte, J.H., Petrie, C.J., Mack, A., Comparative sensitivity of two strains of rainbow trout and one steelhead trout to natural infections by the parasite Myxobolus cerebralis (1997) Proceedings of the Whirling Disease Symposium, pp. 63-65. , March 6-8, Logan, U

Examples of FR-CAPTCHA.

<p>The CAPTCHAs are numbered according to the set numbers assigned in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0091708#pone-0091708-t001" target="_blank">Tables 1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0091708#pone-0091708-t002" target="_blank">2</a>.</p

Catalytic Asymmetric Bromoetherification and Desymmetrization of Olefinic 1,3-Diols with <i>C</i>₂‑Symmetric Sulfides

An enantioselective and highly diastereoselective bromoetherification and desymmetrization of olefinic 1,3-diols has been developed using a <i>C</i>₂-symmetric cyclic sulfide catalyst. This methodology has been successfully applied to the synthesis of the key intermediate of an orally active antifungal drug posaconazole (Noxafil)