Электронный атлас «Снег и лёд на Земле»

Results of the work done on creating the digital glaciological atlas are discussed. The prerequisites for and the techniques of the Atlas preparation together with its structure, content, and the ways of the use are presented. Обсуждаются результаты работ по созданию электронного гляциологического атласа. Рассмотрены предпосылки и методы его создания, структура, содержание и возможности использования.

Открытие и исследования ледников севера континентальной России

The history of studies of ten mountain glacier systems in Russian Subarctic is analyzed in the paper (Fig. 1). The intensity of these systems reduction and the vertical extent of glaciers during last 150 and 50 years are compared with the climate warming in this part of Russia, the map of accumulation–ablation on glaciers of this region is given (Fig. 3). Very quick reaction of the glacier surface to climatic changes is shown. The precision of glaciers’ size during 1960–1980 and 2000 are estimated and suggestion for future monitoring of glaciers size is made.Изложена история открытия в ХХ в. 10 ледниковых систем континентальной России, расположенных севернее 60-й параллели. Обсуждаются вопросы современной изученности аккумуляции–абляции, размеров и динамики ледников за последние 150 лет. Построена карта аккумуляции–абляции на ледниках северо-востока России, подтверждающая их принадлежность к Тихоокеанской гляциологической провинции. Охарактеризованы возможности изучения современного состояния ледников на основе использования результатов космической съёмки

Изменения горных ледников в Северном и Южном полушариях за последние 160 лет

Changes of the glacier areas were analyzed. Rates of the area reduction of glaciers and glacier systems were compared over the course of the past 160 years as well as during shorter time intervals for the same period. On average for the whole period, the glacier areas decreased by a few tenths of a percent from the original in a year. Note, that this value was formed by rates for periods of the glacier retreating and advancing which were comparable by their intensities with rates from tenths of a percent to several percents of area in a year. In the first and the last thirds of the 20th century, when a rise of the air temperature decelerated, a number of advancing glaciers increased in both hemispheres. During these periods the same glaciers advanced (up to 25% of the total quantity of the investigated glaciers in the Alps). The second third of the 20th and the begin‑ ning of the 21st century were characterized by intensification of the temperature rise, and as the consequence of that, the number of advancing glaciers decreased, and rates of the area reductions increased over the whole globe. This dynamics was in a good agreement with the sea ice fluctuations in both, the Arctic and Antarctic regions, where the ice coverage increased in the 1960–1970 and in the second tenth of XXI century. So, decel‑ eration of the climate warming in that time was followed by increasing of the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice coverage and by deceleration of the area reduction of the mountain glacierization in some regions.Исследованы скорости перемещения фронта и изменения площади ряда ледников за последние 160 лет. В этот период на общем фоне сокращения горного оледенения число наступающих ледников возрастало при замедлении роста температур воздуха в первой и последней третях ХХ в. Во второй трети ХХ и начале XXI вв. отступание ледников усиливалось вместе с заметным ростом температуры воздуха. Такие изменения согласуются с колебаниями площади морских льдов, которая в 1960–70-х годах возрастала, а в середине ХХ и начале XXI вв. уменьшалась

Glacier discovery and their studies in the mainland Northern Eurasia

The history of studies of ten mountain glacier systems in Russian Subarctic is analyzed in the paper (Fig. 1). The intensity of these systems reduction and the vertical extent of glaciers during last 150 and 50 years are compared with the climate warming in this part of Russia, the map of accumulation–ablation on glaciers of this region is given (Fig. 3). Very quick reaction of the glacier surface to climatic changes is shown. The precision of glaciers’ size during 1960–1980 and 2000 are estimated and suggestion for future monitoring of glaciers size is made

Digital Atlas «Snow and Ice on the Earth»

Results of the work done on creating the digital glaciological atlas are discussed. The prerequisites for and the techniques of the Atlas preparation together with its structure, content, and the ways of the use are presented

Changes of mountain glaciers in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres over the past 160 years

Changes of the glacier areas were analyzed. Rates of the area reduction of glaciers and glacier systems were compared over the course of the past 160 years as well as during shorter time intervals for the same period. On average for the whole period, the glacier areas decreased by a few tenths of a percent from the original in a year. Note, that this value was formed by rates for periods of the glacier retreating and advancing which were comparable by their intensities with rates from tenths of a percent to several percents of area in a year. In the first and the last thirds of the 20th century, when a rise of the air temperature decelerated, a number of advancing glaciers increased in both hemispheres. During these periods the same glaciers advanced (up to 25% of the total quantity of the investigated glaciers in the Alps). The second third of the 20th and the begin‑ ning of the 21st century were characterized by intensification of the temperature rise, and as the consequence of that, the number of advancing glaciers decreased, and rates of the area reductions increased over the whole globe. This dynamics was in a good agreement with the sea ice fluctuations in both, the Arctic and Antarctic regions, where the ice coverage increased in the 1960–1970 and in the second tenth of XXI century. So, decel‑ eration of the climate warming in that time was followed by increasing of the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice coverage and by deceleration of the area reduction of the mountain glacierization in some regions

Satelite image atlas of glaciers of the worls - Glaciers of Asia: U.S. Geological Survey professional paper 1386–F-1: Glaciers of the former Soviet Union

Glaciers in the Former Soviet Union cover a total area of 78,938 km2; 72 percent (56,894 km2) are in the Russian Arctic (Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya, Novaya Zemlya, and Wrangel Island) and 28 percent (22,044 km2) in various mountain ranges (mainly the Caucasus, Pamirs, Alai Range (Alayskiy Khrebet), Tien Shan, Altay, Ural Mountains, and those of Northeastern Siberia) in Russia and in the Republics of Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. The Glacier Inventory of the USSR and the World Atlas of Snow and Ice Resources records a total of 26,881 glaciers, 1,983 in the Russian Arctic, and 24,898 in Russia and in the four independent republics. Information from the Glacier Inventory, World Atlas, Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS images from the 10-year Landsat Baseline Period (1972–1981), Soviet space imagery, aerial photographs, and maps were used to provide information on the glacierized areas. Russian glaciologists recognize 20 morphological types of mountain glaciers and 7 types of ice caps, ice fields, and ice sheets from a global perspective (World Atlas). Glaciers in the Former Soviet Union represent 11 of the 20 types of mountain glaciers and all of the types of ice caps and ice fields. The early (1972–1981) Landsat MSS images were found to be useful in delineating the margins and ice divides on ice caps and the termini and some margins of larger mountain glaciers, if the images were acquired under conditions of minimum cloud cover and late season, residual snow pack, but before new snowfall. Analysis of changes in smaller glaciers was not possible with the limitations of pixel resolution (80 m) of MSS images. Later Landsat TM and more recent Landsat ETM+ and ASTER images have overcome the spatial resolution problem. The Resurs-F1 KFA-1000 photographs and Landsat MSS images were especially useful for identifying surge-type glaciers and for determining the position of termini of glaciers

Heat-Mediated Transformation of PMMA-SiO2 Core-Shell Particles into Hollow SiO2 Particles

Changes in the morphology and structure of the core-shell particles of polymethyl methacrylate-silicon dioxide and hollow SiO2 particles during their heat treatment were studied by electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The polymeric core of the PMMA-SiO2 hybrid particle was found to undergo an unusual transformation when exposed to the electron microscope beam: its shrinkage occurs through the formation of a spherical cavity. It was shown that the process of silica-shell formation occurs in the temperature range of 200–600 °C and is accompanied by the loss of vinyl- and OH-groups. It was determined by the method of X-ray diffraction, that in the place of the interaction of PMMA and the shell, the degree of ordering of the polymer is higher than that in the volume of the polymer core. It was shown that the frequency of the TO3-vibrational mode (asymmetric stretching vibrations of the Si–O–Si bonds) increases with an increase in the annealing temperature, which is associated with the densification of the silicon dioxide shell

Heat-Mediated Transformation of PMMA-SiO₂ Core-Shell Particles into Hollow SiO₂ Particles

Changes in the morphology and structure of the core-shell particles of polymethyl methacrylate-silicon dioxide and hollow SiO2 particles during their heat treatment were studied by electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The polymeric core of the PMMA-SiO2 hybrid particle was found to undergo an unusual transformation when exposed to the electron microscope beam: its shrinkage occurs through the formation of a spherical cavity. It was shown that the process of silica-shell formation occurs in the temperature range of 200–600 °C and is accompanied by the loss of vinyl- and OH-groups. It was determined by the method of X-ray diffraction, that in the place of the interaction of PMMA and the shell, the degree of ordering of the polymer is higher than that in the volume of the polymer core. It was shown that the frequency of the TO3-vibrational mode (asymmetric stretching vibrations of the Si–O–Si bonds) increases with an increase in the annealing temperature, which is associated with the densification of the silicon dioxide shell