CSR communication or branding strategy? Measuring the impact of CSR versus non-CSR communication on FMCG consumers in Egypt: the Theory of Reasoned Action and message-consumer congruence.

Considering changes in consumer behaviour and the emergence of new media, this thesis contributes to literature on CSR communication by comparing the effectiveness of CSR communication to non-CSR communication in Egypt among FMCG consumers. Whilst multitude of studies focused on various aspects of CSR communication in Western markets, their generalizability to markets of different sociocultural characteristics cannot be guaranteed. Coupled with the evolving nature of the sociocultural and consumption environment, the need for differentiated replications is addressed in this study. Therefore, this thesis addresses this gap and is one of the first studies that examines, in a mixed-methods design, the impact of CSR and non-CSR communication on consumers’ brand attitudes and purchase intentions in Egypt. Theoretically, this study integrates multiple theories to propose a novel and comprehensive conceptual framework from which theoretical contributions have emerged. Specifically, drawing on the Theory of Reasoned Action, the Stimuli-Organism-Response framework, and the concept of value congruence, this research explores the impact of CSR communication strategies on brand attitudes and purchase intentions. Therefore, the study contributes new knowledge on CSR brand communication effectiveness in an under-researched socio-cultural context in order to establish its applicability and effectiveness in a new market. This study employed mixed research methods by conducting 2x2 factorial survey experiments to compare the effects of CSR to non-CSR communication and to examine the role of message-respondent congruence. The final data set included responses from 474 respondents. Following that, semi-structured interviews were conducted on a smaller sample to gain deeper insights on respondents’ perceptions of CSR communication. Applying independent sample t-test, the comparisons between the groups revealed that all averages of the brand attitudes were significantly higher for consumers who were subjected to the CSR message. Based on structural equation modelling, there were direct positive effects of CSR communication on ad likeability, emotional brand attachment, brand trust and purchase intentions. Also, the qualitative data revealed a plethora of strategic suggestions for CSR communication. The theoretical application in this study revealed that this study’s theoretical contribution asserts that for TRA to be applicable to different product types, attitudes towards the brand is necessary to measure. The study provided further evidence to attest to the fact that the concepts of attitude towards brand and attitude towards ad are important variables which influence intention to buy the advertised product confirming TRA assumptions in case of CSR communication. Furthermore, the findings direct researchers to be aware that when applying TRA and SOR, some attitudes might have stronger effects on purchase intentions than others. Practically, this study offers a number of implications. First, it confirmed that CRS communication appeal is more effective than non-CSR communication appeal in Egypt for a specific brand and hence brand managers can be confident that CSR appeals are more likely to lead to more positive brand and ad attitudes which in turn influence buying intentions. Lastly, this study has some confounding variables such as prior consumer perception of the brand and price perception as they were not measured. Some questions related to other potential confounding variables were included to statistically control post data collection. Moreover, the cultural context of the study is specific to Egypt; hence, these experiments ought to be subjected to further differentiated replications in other countries to compare results between different cultures

Evaluating tools to support a new practical classification of diabetes: excellent control may represent misdiagnosis and omission from disease registers is associated with worse control.

To conduct a service evaluation of usability and utility on-line clinical audit tools developed as part of a UK Classification of Diabetes project to improve the categorisation and ultimately management of diabetes

Visečestične korelacije sivih čestica emitiranih u sudarima jezgra–jezgra

The short range correlation among emitted knock on nucleons from heavy ion collisions is used to reveal the dynamic characteristics of the reactions at high energy. Two- and three-particle correlations are considered in angular space to explain the emission of gray particles from collectively excited states of the nucleus as a Fermi liquid drop. Positive correlation is detected only among particles emitted in the extreme backward direction which is the coldest domain. It is interpreted as direct non-statistical emission (splashing) of nucleons via the dynamical distortion of the Fermi surface accompanying the collective motion.Proučavamo korelacije kratkog dosega izbijenih nukleona u sudarima teških iona radi upoznavanja dinamičkih značajki tih reakcija na visokim energijama. Razmatramo dvo- i tro-čestične kutne korelacije emitiranih sivih čestica iz kolektivnih uzbudnih stanja jezgre promatrane kao Fermijeva kapljica tekućine. Pozitivna se korelacija opaža samo u smjeru prema natrag što odgovara najhladnijem području jezgre. To se tumači kao izravna nestatistička emisija (zapljuskivanje) nukleona putem dinamičkog izobličenja Fermijeve površine pri kolektivnom gibanju u jezgri

Conductance of S-Alkylisothiouronium Iodides in Methanol at 25° C

Equivalent conductivities are reported for S-Methyl-, S-n- . -Butyl, S-n-Amyl- and S-n-Heptylisothiouronium iodides in methanol (D = 32.63) at 25 °c. The data were analyzed by the Fuoss-Onsager equation for 1 : 1 associated electrolytes. The characteristic constants: the equivalent conductance at infinite dilution A0 , the closest approach distance a0 and the association constant KA are · derived