14 research outputs found
Activity of All-Russian Research Institute of Physical-Technical and Radio-Technical Measurements (VNIIFTRI) in the sphere of physicochemical measurements
This article presents the description, metrological characteristics and application of State primary standards developed at the All-Russian Research Institute of Physicol-Technical and Radio-Technical Measurements (VNIIFTRI). These include the state primary standards for pH and pX in aqueous solutions, units of the dispersed parameters of aerosols, suspensions and powdery materials, units of the mass fraction and mass (molar) concentration of inorganic components in aqueous solutions based on gravimetric and spectral methods of analysis. In addition, the article discusses R&D projects that are currently being realized at VNIIFTRI, including the production of standard-titres and buffer solutions for pH-metry, as well as working standards for assessing the activity of Na+, K+, F- , Cl- , Br- , I- , NO3- (pX) ions in aqueous media
Π‘ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠΠΠ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ²
The article analyzes the compliance of Russian legal documents with the Recommendations of the International Organization of Legal Metrology regarding the use of reference materials in the fields covered by the state control and supervision. The problem of ensuring the quality of measurement results is relevant for each laboratory, performing measurements in any fields of activity. In addition to a reliable and proven measurement method, a decisive role in obtaining comparable results is played by reference materials. In order to ensure the traceability of measurements, a reference material must be certified. Certified reference materials are obligatory for the state metrological control and supervision of the quality and safety of food and pharmaceutical products, quality of measurements in clinical laboratories, environmental safety, etc. Considering the important role of reference materials in the process of ensuring the uniformity of measurements in analytical laboratories, this study can contribute to the promotion of ideas for improving the Russian legislative framework in the relevant area.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ, Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° β ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ Π² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ
Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ (references) Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ (Π‘Π, reference material). Π‘Π, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Π‘Π, Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π΅Ρ (Π‘Π‘Π). ΠΠ΅Π· ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘Π‘Π Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π·ΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅.Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ (ΠΠΠΠ) ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘Π Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π·ΠΎΡΠ°. Π‘ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π‘Π Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π·Ρ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ
Participation of VNIIFTRI in international comparisons in thefield of physical-chemical measurements
This paper considers the participation of FSUE Β«VNIIFTRIΒ» in international comparisons: in the field of physicalchemical measurements, particularly in pH-metry and ionometry (pX); in the sphere of measuring inorganic components in various matrices. Measurement and calibration capabilities are presented β CMC lines in the BIPM database
ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π€ΠΠ£Π ΠΠΠΠΠ€Π’Π Π Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
This article presents the description, metrological characteristics and application of State primary standards developed at the All-Russian Research Institute of Physicol-Technical and Radio-Technical Measurements (VNIIFTRI). These include the state primary standards for pH and pX in aqueous solutions, units of the dispersed parameters of aerosols, suspensions and powdery materials, units of the mass fraction and mass (molar) concentration of inorganic components in aqueous solutions based on gravimetric and spectral methods of analysis. In addition, the article discusses R&D projects that are currently being realized at VNIIFTRI, including the production of standard-titres and buffer solutions for pH-metry, as well as working standards for assessing the activity of Na+, K+, F- , Cl- , Br- , I- , NO3- (pX) ions in aqueous media.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π€ΠΠ£Π Β«ΠΠΠΠΠ€Π’Π ΠΒ»: ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° pH ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² pX Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
, Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, Π²Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ (ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ) ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. Π Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ ΠΠΠΠΠ€Π’Π Π ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ-ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ-ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Na+, K+, F- , Cl- , Br- , I- , NO3- (pX) Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Ρ
, ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
Robot-assisted cystectomy in treatment of patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma
The article presents an assessment of the results of surgical treatment of bladder urothelial carcinoma using the Da Vinci Si robotic system. The experience of treating 11 patients who underwent robot-assisted cystectomy (RACE) was analysed. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of RACE due to minimal trauma, blood loss, transfusion frequency, and length of patient stay in the hospital
Π£ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π€ΠΠ£Π Β«ΠΠΠΠΠ€Π’Π ΠΒ» Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
This paper considers the participation of FSUE Β«VNIIFTRIΒ» in international comparisons: in the field of physicalchemical measurements, particularly in pH-metry and ionometry (pX); in the sphere of measuring inorganic components in various matrices. Measurement and calibration capabilities are presented β CMC lines in the BIPM database.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π€ΠΠ£Π Β«ΠΠΠΠΠ€Π’Π ΠΒ» Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ (ΡΠ-ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ (ΡΠ₯)), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ β Π‘ΠΠ‘-ΡΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ Π² Π±Π°Π·Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
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