“Insulting His Majesty with Insolent Words” as State Crime (St. Petersburg Archives)

The article is devoted to the responsibility for the verbal insult of the Russian Emperor, which belonged to the category of state crimes. For the commission of such criminal acts, according to Russian laws, responsibility was due. The documents of the two largest St. Petersburg archives: the Russian State Historical Archive and the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg are analyzed in the article. The evolution of the concept of “insulting His Majesty” as a type of crime in Russian legislation is studied. The application of legal norms in the practical activities of Russian courts is considered. It is concluded that the Russian authorities paid great attention to this type of state crime. The degree of responsibility for its commission was very severe — up to a reference to hard labor. This was partly due to the sacralization of the person of the monarch, and therefore it was believed that the criminals encroached not only on him, but also on the very foundations of the state system. “Insulting His Majesty” remained one of the most common types of state crimes in the Russian Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries

Responsibility for Sacrilege in Russian Empire of 19th — early 20th Centuries (Law and Enforcement)

The article deals with the history of relations between the Orthodox Church and the state and society. The importance of the religious component as a factor that played one of the key roles in the relationship between the state and society in Russia in the 19th — early 20th centuries is emphasized. The history of the development of responsibility for crimes against faith is traced. Particular attention is paid to this type of religious crime as sacrilege. The definition of “sacrilege” is given as a property encroachment directed at sacred or consecrated objects, as well as at church property. A detailed description of this type of crime is given and, using examples of judicial precedents of the law enforcement practice of the Russian Empire of the 19th century, its features are shown. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that it traces the evolution of the concept of “sacrilege” in Russian legislation of the 19th — early 20th centuries and determines the main trends in the field of law enforcement in relation to these crimes. It is proved that, despite the all-Russian tendency to gradually mitigate punishments for committing many religious crimes at the beginning of the 20th century, mitigation of responsibility in relation to sacrilege did not happen

Structure of the glial cells in the nervous system of parasitic and free-living flatworms

This study is devoted to ultrastructural and immunosytochemical investigation of the nervous system in parasitic and free-living platyhelminthes to learn if glial cells exist in the nervous system of flatworms. We described the ultrastructure of different types of glial cells and the peculiarities of myelinization of gigantic axons; immunoreactivity to the S100b protein is revealed. Comparative analysis of the glia structure of annelids and platods is given; structural, functional, and evolutionary aspects of myelinization of gigantic axons, which are revealed in cestodes, are discussed. © 2010 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Protective effects of Derinat, a nucleotide-based drug, on experimental traumatic brain injury, and its cellular mechanisms

Traumatic brain injury is the most common cause of death and disability in young people including sport athletes and soldiers, people under 45 years of age in the industrialized countries, representing a growing health problem in developing countries, as well as in aging communities. Treatment of the latter is a serious challenge for modern medicine. This type of injury leads to many kinds of disorders and, quite often, to disability. These issue require development of new methods for brain trauma treatment. The new approach to brain trauma treatment was studied in murine experiments. In particular, sodium salt of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was used. This preparation is a drug known as a mixture of peptides with immunomodulatory effect which is widely used for different kinds of therapy. Derinat, a sodium salt of DNA, isolated from the caviar of Russian sturgeon, is a proven immunomodulator for treatment of diseases associatd with reactive oxygen species (ROS), including brain ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Here we show that treatment with Derinat exert neuroprotective, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects in experimental model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. Intraperitoneal injection of Derinat several times over 3 days after TBI showed less pronounced damage of the injured brain area. Immunohistochemical study showed that the Derinat-induced morphological changes of microglia in cerebral cortex and hippocampus 7 days after TBI. TBI-induced accumulation of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), the marker of oxidative damage, was significantly attenuated by Derinat administration, both on 7th and 14th day after TBI. To investigate cellular mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects, the primary cultures of murine microglia supplied with ATP (50 M and 1 mM), as a substance released at injured site, were used to mimic the in vitro inflammatory response. Derinate treatment caused an increase of glial levels of mRNAs encoding neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in the presence of ATP, whereas tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) mRNA was inhibited by ATP with or without Derinat. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA expression was not affected by ATP but was increased by Derinat. Both mRNA and protein levels of ATP-induced TNFα production were significantly inhibited by Derinat. These results partially contribute to understanding mechanisms of immunomodulatory effects of DNA preparations in traumatic brain injury

Prognostic factors for tuberculosis development in children with latent tuberculous infection

Goal of the study: to detect specific immune response in children with latent tuberculous infection and define factors to forecast the development of the active disease in this group.Materials and methods. The changes in clinical, X-ray and immunological data were analyzed in 127 children when latent tuberculous infection was diagnosed and after 12 months of follow-up. The number of immunological tests was done for evaluation of humoral and cellular immunity in those suffering from latent tuberculous infection and active disease.Results. The obtained results showed high negative prognostic relevance of exposure to tuberculosis, concurrent disease, refusal to have preventive treatment and low efficiency of short-course preventive treatment, specific features of humoral and cellular immunity were defined which could be used as additional forecasting criteria for active tuberculosis development in children with latent tuberculous infection

INFLUENCE OF HLA-DRB1* ALLELIC SETS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDREN

According to the WHO data, tuberculosis still represents a serious public health problem worldwide. Deterioration of socio-economic conditions in the population complicates epidemic situation for tuberculosis inRussia, thus leading to increase in acute progressive and complicated forms of tuberculosis in children and, consequently, to worsening structure of its clinical forms. Objectives: to determine associations between certain HLA-DRB1 alleles and risk of tuberculosis development in children. We examined 188 children aged from 3 to 14 years with various manifestations of tuberculous infection. Along with thorough examination of the patients, including multi-spiral CT scans of chest, we undertook genotyping of HLA-DRB1 alleles. Activity of tuberculous infection was determined by a set of immunological tests, i.e., tuberculin skin test, DIASKINTEST® (recombinant allergen of tuberculosis DIASKINTEST®). X ray diagnostics was performed with multi-spiral «Aquilion-32» computed tomograph (Toshiba), according to standard procedures. Molecular genetic typing of HLA-DRB1 alleles was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR-SSP), using standard commercial kits PROTRANS Ceclerplate System Protrans HLA-DRB1*. The children were divided into two groups: I group, 90 healthy children, II group, 98 children with tuberculosis. A comparisons group consisted of healthy donors (n = 346). Statistical processing of genetic material included evauation and analysis of the following parameters: frequency distribution of the antigen (F), χ2 criterion for significance (chi-square), the relative risk ratio (RR), etiologic fraction (EF), preventive fraction (PF). Children of the II group had significantly higher *04 allele HLADRB1*, as compared with control group (36.7% vs. 21.1%, χ2 = 10.08; р < 0.01). This finding may suppose a predisposal of these allele carriers to development of tuberculosis. At the same time, the rates of *07 (14.3% vs. 27.5%, χ2 = 7.15, р < 0.01) and *15 (18.4% vs. 28.3%, χ2 = 3.92; р < 0.01) HLA-DRB1* alleles were significantly lower, thus suggesting a protective effect of this allele. *04 allele seems to be a predisposing factor, whereas *07 and *15 alleles are protective for development of tuberculosis in children

Recording 2-D Nutation NQR Spectra by Random Sampling Method

The method of random sampling was introduced for the first time in the nutation nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy where the nutation spectra show characteristic singularities in the form of shoulders. The analytic formulae for complex two-dimensional (2-D) nutation NQR spectra (I = 3/2) were obtained and the condition for resolving the spectral singularities for small values of an asymmetry parameter η was determined. Our results show that the method of random sampling of a nutation interferogram allows significant reduction of time required to perform a 2-D nutation experiment and does not worsen the spectral resolution

Comparative assessment of modern parameters of glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes after switching to fast-acting insulin aspart using Flash Glucose Monitoring in real clinical practice

BACKGROUND: Postprandial hyperglycaemia contributes significantly to the lack of glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). At least a quarter of patients forget to inject insulin before meals once a week, and more than 40% of them inject bolus insulin immediately before meals, which does not correspond to the pharmacokinetic effects of ultrashort insulins and determines the need to use insulins with better imitations of physiological insulin secretion.AIM: To assess the effect of fast acting insulin aspart (FIAsp) on the current parameters of glycaemic control in children with DM1 after switching from insulin Asp (iAsp) using continuous glucose monitoring.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multicenter observational 12-week prospective open-label uncontrolled comparative study was initiated. A group of insufficiently controlled patients were identified (n = 48) including a group on multiple insulin injections therapy (MII) (insulin degludec and IAsp) and a group on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) of iAsp. Three 14-day flash glucose monitoring (FMG) were performed: before transferring patients to FiAsp and after 2 and 12 weeks of the transfer. Key endpoints: HbA1c after 2 and 12 weeks on FiAsp relative to baseline, analysis of 5 FMG target glucose ranges, presented as an ambulatory glycemic profile. Additional indicators: dynamics of insulin daily dose, frequency of glucose self- monitoring, the number of severe hypoglycemia, adverse events that occurred during treatment.RESULTS: 2 weeks after the transfer from IAsp to FIAsp, TIR increased in the entire group of patients: from 53% [44.3; 66.5] to 57% [47.4; 71.0] (p-value = 0.010) and TAR decreased from 38% [24.8; 50.2] to 30.5% [22.0; 45, 0] (p-value = 0.0124). Maintaining and increase time spent in the target glucose ranges during a 12-week observation period, in parallel with a significant decrease in hypoglycemic episodes <3.9 mmol / L per week, on FIAsp therapy naturally leads to an improvement in diabetes control: a decrease in HbA1c from 8.15% up to 7.75% (p-value = 0.0224), more pronounced in the group of patients on CSII — from 7.9% to 7.5% (p-value = 0.028).CONCLUSION: Switching from IAsp to BDIAsp in routine clinical practice in the MII and CSII regimen in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes allows achieving better glycemic control compared to the previous generation prandial insulin analog Iasp. The better diabetes control is associated with an increase or a trend towards an increase in TIR and a decrease or a trend towards a decrease in TAR and TBR, as well as a significant decrease in episodes of hypoglycemia

Возможности КТ в диагностике осложнений дивертикулеза кишечника (клинические наблюдения)

Purpose. To determine the possibility of MSCT in the detection and diagnosis of complications of diverticulosis.Materials and methods. MSCT was performed in the apparatus Aqullion Toshiba 64 with collimation of 0.5–1 mm with the multiphase contrast-enhanced and further multiplanar reformatting. The results of MSCT of abdominal organs in 2082 (100%) patients for 2016–2018 in GBUZ GKB im were analyzed. M.E. Zhadkevich, 841 (40%) – for emergency indications.Results. Intestinal diverticula was detected in 239 (11%) patients. CT-signs of diverticulitis were found in 36 (1.7%) subjects: 19 (0.9%) women aged 54 years to 91 years and 17 (0.8%) men aged 27 to 88 years. When admitted to the hospital, all patients (36 people – 100%) with CT signs of diverticulitis complained of severe abdominal pain: with localization in the left iliac and suprapubic areas of 22 (61%) patients, 2 (5.5%) – in the right iliac and suprapubic areas, the remaining 12 (33.5%) patients complained of abdominal pain without a clear localization. Localization of diverticulitis in the sigmoid colon occurred in 22 (61%) cases, in the descending part of the colon – in 13 (36%). In 1 (3%) observation diverticulitis was detected in the terminal part of the jejunum.The presence of perianth infiltrate took place – in 16 (44%) cases, with signs of abscedding – in 4 (11%), peritonitis was observed in 2 (5.5%) examined in combination with signs of intestinal obstruction. Perforation with the presence of a large amount of free gas was detected in 1 (3%) case, microperforation – in 12 (33.5%). A small amount of free fluid in the abdominal cavity was found in 18 (50%) patients. Conclusion. Timely diagnosis of complicated diverticular disease is crucial. MSCT has high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of phlegmon and abscesses of the abdominal cavity, perforation of the intestinal wall, peritonitis, bleeding and intestinal obstruction.Цель исследования: определить возможности МСКТ в выявлении и диагностике осложнений дивертикулеза.Материал и методы. МСКТ выполняли на аппарате Toshiba Aqullion 64 с коллимацией среза 0,5–1 мм с многофазным контрастным усилением и дальнейшим многоплоскостным переформатированием. Проанализированы данные КТ органов брюшной полости 2082 (100%) пациентов за 2016–2018 гг. в ГБУЗ “ГКБ имени М.Е. Жадкевича”, из них 841 (40%) – по экстренным показаниям.Результаты. Дивертикулы кишечника выявлены у 239 (11%) пациентов. КТ-признаки дивертикулита обнаружены у 36 (1,7%) обследуемых: 19 (0,9%) женщин в возрасте от 54 лет до 91 года и 17 (0,8%) мужчин в возрасте от 27 до 88 лет.При поступлении в стационар все пациенты (36 человек, 100%) с КТ-признаками дивертикулита предъявляли жалобы на сильные боли в животе: с локализацией в левой подвздошной и надлобковой областях – 22 (61%) пациента, в правой подвздошной и надлобковой областях – 2 (5,5%), остальные 12 (33,5%)  обследуемых жаловались на боли в животе без четкой локализации. Локализация дивертикулита в сигмовидной кишке имела место в 22 (61%) случаях, в нисходящем отделе ободочной кишки – в 13 (36%). В 1 (3%) наблюдении дивертикулит выявлен в терминальном отделе тощей кишки.Околокишечный инфильтрат имелся у 16 (44%) па циентов, с признаками абсцедирования – у 4 (11%), перитонит наблюдался у 2 (5,5%) обследуемых в сочетании с признаками кишечной непроходимости. Перфорация с наличием большого количества свободного газа выявлена в 1 (3%) случае, микроперфорации – в 12 (33,5%). Небольшое количество свободной жидкости в брюшной полости обнаружено у 18 (50%) пациентов.Заключение. Своевременная диагностика осложненной дивертикулярной болезни имеет решающее значение. МСКТ обладает высокой чувствительностью и специфичностью в диагностике флегмон и абсцессов брюшной полости, перфорации кишечной стенки, перитонита, кровотечения и непроходимости кишечника

Single step process for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes and metal/alloy-filled multiwalled carbon nanotubes

A single-step approach for the synthesis of multi-walled nanotubes (MWNT) filled with nanowires of Ni/ternary Zr based hydrogen storage alloy has been illustrated. We also demonstrate the generation of CO-free hydrogen by methane decomposition over alloy hydride catalyst. The present work also highlights the formation of single-walled nanotubes (SWNT) and MWNTs at varying process conditions. These carbon nanostructures have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution TEM (HRTEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and Raman spectroscopy. This new approach overcomes the existing multi-step process limitation, with possible impact on the development of future fuel cell, nano-battery and hydrogen sensor technologies