Influence of homozygosis by marker alleles of blood groups on the productivity, reproductive qualities and longevity of cows

Currently, in populations of different cattle breeds there is elimination of a number of alleles of blood groups and an in-crease in the homozygosity coefficient that leads to rise in the amount of homozygous animals. In this regard, the aim of the research was to study the effect of homozygosity by EAV-locus of blood groups on the productive and reproductive characteristics of cows. The research was carried out on the farms of the Smolensk region for breeding of Sychevskaya cattle breed: the “Rybkovskoye” breeding farm and pedigree breeding unit Agricultural Production Cooperative (APC) named after Uritsky. On these farms there were selected 2078 cows, homozygous according to alleles of EAV - locus of blood groups and heterozygous animals born in 2010-2014 (21 and 581, 50 and 1426 heads, respectively). The study has shown that the average milk yield over the productive life of homozygotes in the herd of the “Rybkovskoye” farm is insignificantly lower and on the farm named after Uritsky this parameter is significantly higher. Application of one-way ANOVA analysis determined the weak effect of genotype on the productivity of animals on the “Rybkovskoe” farm only for the first lactation with factorial effect in milk yield, milk fat and protein 1.2, 1.5 and 1.1%, respectively. On the breeding farm named after Uritsky the factorial effect in milk yield and fatyield for the second lactation was 0.3 and 0.4%, and on the average over the life in milk yield it was 0.4%. The analysis of repro-ductive qualities: the age of the first calving, the age of the first fruitful insemination, multiplicity of insemination to lactation, the number of days before the first insemination in the current lactation, the duration of open days revealed close values, similar nature of distribution and variation of these indicators, absence of statistically significant differences between them in homozy-gotes and heterozygotes. A weak (2% or less) influence of homozygosity on productive longevity, which determines the superiority of homozygous cows over heterozygous, characteristic for samples from both farms, has been found

Цифровые видеоконверторы для радиоастрономических систем преобразования сигналов

The digital down converters can be used on the radio telescopes with small antennas which are equipped with digital data acquisition  systems with bands Bs = 512 MHz. The down converters provide  extracts a number of signals with bands AF = 16 or 8 MHz at  specified frequencies from the digital sequence of samples of a  wideband signal with the frequency fd = 1024 MHz, 4-level  quantization and formatting of the extracted signals according to the international standard VDIF that used in radiointerferometry. This is  necessary to connect a radio telescope with broadband data  acquisition systems (for example, RT-13) to international radio  interferometry networks (VLBI), which use systems with narrowband (up to 16 MHz) signals. The developed module is made on the basis  of the programmable logic integrated circuit (FPGA) XC7K325T and  provide extracts and formats up to 16 narrowband (16 or 8 MHz) signals from three digital broadband signals that received from the  broadband channels of the radio telescope via fiber optic lines by the 10 gigabit ethernet. The resulting data stream is sent to the buffering device for subsequent transmission to the VLBI correlator. The digital down converters operating at a clock frequency fm = 128  MHz, allow to extract signals in band Bc = 64 MHz and are tuned  with 10 kHz steps by digital oscillator synthesizers. The Bs band of input signal are splitted by 8 channels using 8-channel polyphase filters, which reduce the clock frequencies by eight times. The  module provides the same mode of signal extraction and formatting,  which is widely used in VLBI networks with astrometric and geodetic observations in two wave bands.Цифровые видеоконверторы предназначены для систем преобразования сигналов радиотелескопов. Для видеоконвертора, работающего с тактовой частотой 128 МГц,  характерной для радиоастрономической аппаратуры на программируемых логических  интегральных схемах, разработан цифровой гетеродин с шагом перестройки 10 кГц. Блок,  содержащий 16 цифровых видеоконверторов, выделяет сигналы с полосой 16 или 8 МГц из  потоков данных 10GE, поступающих от каналов преобразования широкополосных (512 МГц) сигналов

Измерение параметров сигналов в широкополосных приемно-регистрирующих каналах радиотелескопа

The built-in system of parameter measurement for wideband (up to 512 MHz) receiving and recording channel of radio interferometer is considered. The estimation of measurement accuracy and the precision alignment of group delays in the receiving channel are investigated. In addition, this system provides the control of receiving channel frequency response and phase response functions.Рассмотрена встроенная система измерения параметров широкополосного (до 512 МГц) сигнала в приемно-регистрирующем канале радиоинтерферометра. Дана оценка точности измерений групповых задержек сигналов в приемных каналах интерферометра. Показана возможность контроля фазочастотной и амплитудно-частотной характеристик приемного канала

Results of implementation of viral hepatitis B elimination program in the North-West Russia

Introduction. Vaccination contributed to reduce the incidence of acute hepatitis B in the territories of the North-West Russia. The urgency of this problem remains due to the high incidence of chronic hepatitis B. This accounted for the need to develop a hepatitis B elimination program in the district discussed that was approved in 2013 by the head of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing. Objective is to characterize the results of the program for the elimination of acute hepatitis B virus implemented in the North-Western Federal District. Materials and methods. The 2010–2020 incidence rate of acute and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the regions of the North-West Russia was carried out. To determine HBV genotypes and subgenotypes, 160 blood plasma samples from patients with acute hepatitis B were studied using molecular genetic methods (PCR, sequencing). The prevalence of latent hepatitis B in various population groups was assessed. The 2016–2020 hepatitis B vaccination coverage and relevant serological monitoring in adults was carried out. Results. While implementing the program, it was found that the incidence rate of acute hepatitis B in the district decreased by 4.5-fold, revealing in 2020 no cases of the disease in 5 regions, with incidence rate in the 6 subfederal units being lower than 1.0 per 100,000 population. Moreover, the incidence rate for chronic hepatitis B decreased by 2.6 times. The 2020 vaccination coverage of children under 17 and adults in all territories comprised more than 95% and 90%, respectively. In addition, it was shown the circulation of genotypes D and A of hepatitis B virus is dominated by genotype D (91.8%), subgenotype D2 (47.8%). The prevalence of latent hepatitis B among migrants was 6.5%, pregnant women — 4.9%, hemodialysis patients — 1.7%. Conclusion. Implementation of the program on elimination of acute viral hepatitis B in the territory of the North-West Russia contributed to raise in the vaccination coverage in adult population and lowered incidence rate of acute and chronic HBV infection

Evaluation of myocardial damage in different types of rheumatoid arthritisduring disease-modifying antirheumatic drug or biological therapy (with infliximab)

Objective. To estimate the extent and pattern of myocardial damage in different types of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) or biological therapy. Subjects and methods. Seventy-one patients with RA were examined; some of them received biological therapy with infliximab, while the others took DMARDs. A group of patients with incipient RA was also identified. B-type brain natriuretic peptide levels were estimated and electrocardiography, echocardiography (EchoCG), and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRT) using the contrast medium Dotarem were conducted in all the patients. The follow-up totaled 6 months. A control examination was made at the moment of randomization and 6 months posttreatment. Results. Tn the bulk of patients, the level of B-type brain natriuretic peptide did not differ from the reference values, however, its lower level was observed in the incipient RA group, which was associated with the absence of cardiovascular diseases and with a younger age group. There were no negative EchoCG changes in myocardial viability values. Cardiac MRT demonstrated that the majority of patients had the similar changes that failed to affect myocardial kinetics and ejection fraction. These changes were not found in incipient RA patients without cardiovascular diseases. No improvement in myocardial viability was recorded in the patients receiving the biological therapy. Conclusion. Thus, cardiac MRT showed the similar changes that failed to affect myocardial kinetics and ejection fraction in patients with RA during both methotrexate and infliximab therapy

The Digital Down Converters for a Radio Astronomy Data Acquisition Systems

The digital down converters can be used on the radio telescopes with small antennas which are equipped with digital data acquisition  systems with bands Bs = 512 MHz. The down converters provide  extracts a number of signals with bands AF = 16 or 8 MHz at  specified frequencies from the digital sequence of samples of a  wideband signal with the frequency fd = 1024 MHz, 4-level  quantization and formatting of the extracted signals according to the international standard VDIF that used in radiointerferometry. This is  necessary to connect a radio telescope with broadband data  acquisition systems (for example, RT-13) to international radio  interferometry networks (VLBI), which use systems with narrowband (up to 16 MHz) signals. The developed module is made on the basis  of the programmable logic integrated circuit (FPGA) XC7K325T and  provide extracts and formats up to 16 narrowband (16 or 8 MHz) signals from three digital broadband signals that received from the  broadband channels of the radio telescope via fiber optic lines by the 10 gigabit ethernet. The resulting data stream is sent to the buffering device for subsequent transmission to the VLBI correlator. The digital down converters operating at a clock frequency fm = 128  MHz, allow to extract signals in band Bc = 64 MHz and are tuned  with 10 kHz steps by digital oscillator synthesizers. The Bs band of input signal are splitted by 8 channels using 8-channel polyphase filters, which reduce the clock frequencies by eight times. The  module provides the same mode of signal extraction and formatting,  which is widely used in VLBI networks with astrometric and geodetic observations in two wave bands

Measuring signal parameters in wideband receiving and recording channels

The built-in system of parameter measurement for wideband (up to 512 MHz) receiving and recording channel of radio interferometer is considered. The estimation of measurement accuracy and the precision alignment of group delays in the receiving channel are investigated. In addition, this system provides the control of receiving channel frequency response and phase response functions

Caesarean section and lactation problems in women

Unfortunately, not every mammary gland functions in full when fulfils its main function, which is milk production for infant feeding. Most often, the technical errors during breastfeeding the baby cause nipple cracks, maceration and women stop breastfeeding. Engorgement is one of the most common problems faced during natural breastfeeding. The article highlights the issues of the physiology of lactation, discusses the problems arising during lactation, the risk factors for the development of hypogalactia, and describes the rules for using breast pumps to maintain lactation

Prospects for using probiotics in the treatment of constipation in children

Every paediatrician faces the problem of how to diagnose and treat constipation in children in the daily practice. According to the sociological survey of parents and doctors, on average every third child has a delay in evacuating stool. According to the 2016 Rome VI criteria, the diagnosis of functional constipation in children from 0 to 4 years of age is based on diagnostic signs that differ for children older than 4 years old. This article considers the mechanisms of constipation development in children of different age groups, and discusses the influence of microbiota on the development of motor and neurosensory intestinal disorders. The use of probiotics in constipation therapy is still controversial. The article presents recent studies of the efficacy of different probiotic strains in the treatment of constipation in children. So far, only Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM 17938) has a proven effect for the treatment of constipation in using monostam probiotics