11 research outputs found
Эпигенетическая регуляция экспрессии генов в вирус-ассоциированных опухолях человека
Viruses are associated with nearly 20 % of human cancers worldwide. Until recently genetic abnormalities generated by oncogenic virusesin cells were the main object of studies. Understanding of the importance of epigenetics in the regulation of gene expression prompted the investigation of virus and host interactions at the epigenetic level. We review aspects such as common futures of oncogenic virus interactions with cell epigenetic system and virus-specific peculiarities of these interactions. Knowledge of the regulation of virus genomes by cell epigenetic system and disturbances of this system by viruses should provide us with markers for following cancer progression, as well as new tools for cancer therapyОпухоли, ассоциированные с вирусами, составляют около 20 % всех опухолей человека. До недавнего времени при исследовании молекулярных механизмов вирусного канцерогенеза основные усилия были направлены на генетические нарушения, вызываемые онкогенными вирусами в клетке. Успехи, достигнутые в понимании механизмов эпигенетической регуляции экспрессии генов, стимулировали исследования взаимодействия вирусов и клетки-хозяина на эпигенетическом уровне. В обзоре рассмотрены общие закономерности взаимодействия онкогенных вирусов с эпигенетической системой регуляции функционирования генома и специфические для каждого вируса особенности этого взаимодействия в процессе установления латентной инфекции и опухолевой трансформации. Исследования регуляции экспрессии вирусного генома эпигенетической системой клетки и, с другой стороны, нарушений этой системы вирусами вносят вклад в понимание механизмов вирусного канцерогенеза, выявление новых маркеров прогрессии опухолей и мишеней для таргетной терапии
Роль метилирования регуляторного района вируса папиллом человека типа 16 в экспрессии вирусных онкогенов Е6 и E7 в первичных опухолях шейки матки
Background. Overexpression of the human papillomavirus oncogenes E6 and E7 is a major factor in initiation and progression of HPV-induced tumors. Inactivation of negative regulatory function of E2 protein – the main viral transcription and replication regulator – is considered to be an important mechanism leading to the viral oncogenes overexpression. It is known that the loss of E2 functions occurs due to disruption of E2 open reading frame during the viral DNA integration into a cell genome in a part of HPV-positive tumors. An alternative mechanism of E2 function blocking in tumors retained its expression can be methylation of the HPV regulatory region, since it is known that E2 is incapable to bind its methylated binding sites.The study objective is to analyze methylation of the HPV16 regulatory region and expression of the viral E6 and E7 oncogenes in E2 expressing or non-expressing clinical samples of cervical cancer.Results. It has been demonstrated that the level of the HPV16 URR methylation in E2-expressing lesions is significantly higher than that in non-expressing cervical cancer lesions. Demethylation of the HPV16 promoter in cervical cell line Caski is followed by decrease of the viral E6 и E7 oncogenes mRNA levels, supporting the hypothesis that methylation is necessary for effective E6 and E7 transcription and indicates on restitution of E2 regulatory function in E2-expressing cervical cancer cells.Conclusion. These data suggest that methylation of E2 binding sites in HPV16 regulatory region blocking E2 protein binding represents an important mechanism ensuring high level of the viral E6 and E7 oncogenes expression.Введение. Высокий уровень экспрессии онкогенов E6 и E7 вирусов папиллом человека (human papillomaviruses, HPV) является основным фактором инициации и прогрессии HPV-индуцированных опухолей. Инактивация функции негативного регулятора вирусной транскрипции и репликации – вирусного белка E2 – считается основным механизмом, приводящим к повышению экспрессии вирусных онкогенов. Известно, что в части HPV-положительных опухолей утрата функций Е2 происходит вследствие разрыва открытой рамки считывания гена при интеграции вирусной ДНК в геном клетки. Установленная в опытах in vitro неспособность Е2 связываться со своими сайтами в случае их метилирования позволяет предположить, что метилирование регуляторной области HPV может быть альтернативным механизмом блокировки функций Е2 в опухолях, сохранивших его экспрессию.Цель исследования – анализ метилирования регуляторного района HPV 16-го типа и экспрессии вирусных онкогенов Е6 и E7 в клинических образцах рака шейки матки, экспрессирующих и неэкспрессирующих Е2.Результаты. Повышенный уровень метилирования регуляторного района, в том числе сайтов связывания Е2, наблюдается в опухолях, экспрессирующих Е2, по сравнению с опухолями, не экспрессирующими Е2 (р ≤0,0001). Снижение уровня метилирования промотора HPV 16-го типа в клеточной линии CaSki при обработке деметилирующим агентом сопровождается снижением уровня матричной РНК вирусных онкогенов E6 и E7, что подтверждает необходимость метилирования для эффективной транскрипции. Эти данные указывают на восстановление негативной регуляторной функции Е2, экспрессирующегося в этих клетках, при деметилировании промотора.Заключение. Полученные результаты позволяют предположить, что метилирование сайтов связывания E2 в регуляторной области HPV 16-го типа является важным механизмом, обеспечивающим высокий уровень экспрессии вирусных онкогенов E6 и E7 при сохранении экспрессии гена Е2
Up-regulation of expression and lack of 5' CpG island hypermethylation of p16 INK4a in HPV-positive cervical carcinomas
BACKGROUND: High risk type human papilloma viruses (HR-HPV) induce carcinomas of the uterine cervix by expressing viral oncogenes E6 and E7. Oncogene E7 of HR-HPV disrupts the pRb/E2F interaction, which negatively regulates the S phase entry. Expression of tumor suppressor p16(ink4a )drastically increases in majority of HR-HPV associated carcinomas due to removal of pRb repression. The p16(ink4a )overexpression is an indicator of an aberrant expression of viral oncogenes and may serve as a marker for early diagnostic of cervical cancer. On the other hand, in 25–57% of cervical carcinomas hypermethylation of the p16 INK4a promoter has been demonstrated using a methylation-specific PCR, MSP. To evaluate a potential usage of the p16 INK4a 5' CpG island hypermethylation as an indicator of tumor cell along with p16(ink4a )overexpression, we analyzed the methylation status of p16 INK4a in cervical carcinomas METHODS: Methylation status of p16 INK4a was analyzed by MSP and by bisulfite-modified DNA sequencing. The expression of p16(ink4a )was analyzed by RT-PCR and by immunohistochemical technique. RESULTS: The extensive methylation within p16 INK4a 5' CpG island was not detected either in 13 primary cervical carcinomas or in 5 cancer cell lines by bisulfite-modified DNA sequencing (including those that were positive by MSP in our hands). The number and distribution of rare partially methylated CpG sites did not differ considerably in tumors and adjacent normal tissues. The levels of the p16 INK4a mRNA were increased in carcinomas compared to the normal tissues independently of the number of partially methylated CpGs within 5'CpG island. The transcriptional activation of p16 INK4a was accompanied by p16(ink4a )cytoplasmic immunoreactivity in the majority of tumor cells and presence of a varied number of the p16 positive nuclei in different tumors. CONCLUSION: Hypermethylaion of the p16INK4a 5' CpG island is not a frequent event in HR-HPV-positive cervical carcinomas and cannot be an effective marker of cancer cells with up-regulated expression of p16(ink4a). Our data confirm other previous studies claiming specific p16INK4a up-regulation in the majority of cervical carcinomas at both the protein and mRNA levels. Cytoplasmic accumulation of p16(ink4a )is a feature of cervical carcinomas
Идентификация нового сайта метилирования в промоторном районе гена Sept9 для диагностики гепатоцеллюлярной карциномы
Background. Over 600,000 people die from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) each year worldwide. The disease is often detected at advanced stages and in many cases is not curable. Early diagnostic and monitoring of HCC recurrences remains a substantial problem in clinical oncology. That determines the need for a search for highly sensitive and specific biomarkers for the non-invasive of HCC diagnostics. The objective of the study. Identification of the hypermethylated locus in the promoter region of the septin 9 (Sept9) gene based on the annotated methylomes from the public databases. Experimental validation of methylation on a pilot panel of paired clinical samples of patients with HCC, as well as tissue samples from patients with benign liver tumors and lymphocytes from healthy donors. Materials and methods. To analyze the methyl data, samples of HCC from TCGA, hepatocellular adenoma from GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) depository, peripheral blood cells and tissues of healthy donors from Methbank were used. Experimental validation of methylation levels of the identified site was carried out on a pilot panel of clinical samples by bisulphite pyrosequencing using PyroMark Q24.Results. Based on the analysis of methylome data, we selected cg20275528 site, which is characterized by high level of methylation in HCC tissues and minimal levels of methylation in non-tumor liver tissue, hepatocellular adenoma and peripheral blood of healthy donors. Experimental testing on a pilot panel of clinical specimens showed that the level of marker site methylation in HCC (42 % median) is significantly higher than in non-tumor liver tissues (3 % median) and benign neoplasms (1.5 % median) and exceeds the threshold value in HCC compared to paired samples of adjacent non-tumor liver tissue in 20 out of 30 studied cases (66.6 %). The general possibility for cg20275528 methylation detection in circulating DNA of plasma in HCC patients was shown.Conclusion. The obtained results indicate that the approach to the detection and experimental verification of diagnostically significant markers developed and tested in this study can be used to identify new differentially methylated sites and to establish new approaches for non-invasive HCC diagnosis.Введение. Ежегодно во всем мире от гепатоцеллюлярной карциномы (ГЦК) умирают более 600 тыс. человек. Заболевание часто выявляется на поздних стадиях и во многих случаях является некурабельным. Ранняя диагностика и мониторинг развития рецидивов ГЦК продолжают оставаться существенной проблемой клинической онкологии. Это определяет актуальность поиска высокочувствительных и специфичных биомаркеров для неинвазивной диагностики ГЦК. Цель исследования – идентификация гиперметилированного при ГЦК локуса в промоторном районе гена септин 9 (Sept9) на основании анализа общедоступных данных метиломных исследований; экспериментальная валидация метилирования на пилотной панели парных клинических образцов пациентов с ГЦК, а также образцов ткани пациентов с доброкачественными опухолями печени и лимфоцитов здоровых доноров.Материалы и методы. Для анализа метиломных данных были использованы выборки ГЦК TCGA, гепатоцеллюлярной аденомы из депозитария GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus), а также клеток периферической крови и тканей здоровых доноров Methbank. Экспериментальную валидацию уровней метилирования идентифицированного сайта проводили на пилотной выборке клинических образцов с использованием метода бисульфитного пиросеквенирования на приборе PyroMark Q24.Результаты. На основании анализа метиломных данных нами был выбран сайт cg20275528, который характеризуется высоким уровнем метилирования в тканях ГЦК и минимальными уровнями метилирования в клетках неопухолевой ткани печени, гепатоцеллюлярной аденомы и периферической крови здоровых доноров. Экспериментальная проверка на пилотной выборке клинических образцов показала, что уровень метилирования маркерного сайта в ГЦК (медиана 42 %) значительно выше, чем в неопухолевых тканях печени (медиана 3 %) и доброкачественных новообразованиях (медиана 1,5 %) и превышает пороговое значение в ГЦК по сравнению с парными образцами прилежащей неопухолевой ткани печени в 20 (66,6 %) из 30 исследованных случаев. Показана принципиальная возможность детекции метилирования cg20275528 в циркулирующей ДНК плазмы больных ГЦК.Заключение. Полученные результаты позволяют предположить, что разработанный и апробированный в этой работе подход к поиску и экспериментальной верификации диагностически значимых маркеров может быть использован для выявления новых дифференциально метилированных сайтов и разработки новых подходов к неинвазивной диагностике ГЦК
Hypermethylation of genomic 3.3-kb repeats is frequent event in HPV-positive cervical cancer
Abstract Background Large-scale screening methods are widely used to reveal cancer-specific DNA methylation markers. We previously identified non-satellite 3.3-kb repeats associated with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) as hypermethylated in cervical cancer in genome-wide screening. To determine whether hypermethylation of 3.3-kb repeats is a tumor-specific event and to evaluate frequency of this event in tumors, we investigated the 3.3-kb repeat methylation status in human papilloma virus (HPV)-positive cervical tumors, cancer cell lines, and normal cervical tissues. Open reading frames encoding DUX family proteins are contained within some 3.3-kb repeat units. The DUX mRNA expression profile was also studied in these tissues. Methods The methylation status of 3.3-kb repeats was evaluated by Southern blot hybridization and bisulfite genomic sequencing. The expression of DUX mRNA was analyzed by RT-PCR and specificity of PCR products was confirmed by sequencing analysis. Results Hypermethylation of 3.3-kb repeats relative to normal tissues was revealed for the first time in more than 50% (18/34) of cervical tumors and in 4 HPV-positive cervical cancer cell lines. Hypermethylation of 3.3-kb repeats was observed in tumors concurrently with or independently of hypomethylation of classical satellite 2 sequences (Sat2) that were hypomethylated in 75% (15/20) of cervical tumors. We have revealed the presence of transcripts highly homologous to DUX4 and DUX10 genes in normal tissues and down-regulation of transcripts in 68% of tumors with and without 3.3-kb repeats hypermethylation. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that hypermethylation rather than hypomethylation of 3.3-kb repeats is the predominant event in HPV-associated cervical cancer and provide new insight into the epigenetic changes of repetitive DNA elements in carcinogenesis.</p
The role of HPV16 regulatory region methylation in viral oncogenes E6 and E7 eхpression in primary cervical cancer lesions
Background. Overexpression of the human papillomavirus oncogenes E6 and E7 is a major factor in initiation and progression of HPV-induced tumors. Inactivation of negative regulatory function of E2 protein – the main viral transcription and replication regulator – is considered to be an important mechanism leading to the viral oncogenes overexpression. It is known that the loss of E2 functions occurs due to disruption of E2 open reading frame during the viral DNA integration into a cell genome in a part of HPV-positive tumors. An alternative mechanism of E2 function blocking in tumors retained its expression can be methylation of the HPV regulatory region, since it is known that E2 is incapable to bind its methylated binding sites.The study objective is to analyze methylation of the HPV16 regulatory region and expression of the viral E6 and E7 oncogenes in E2 expressing or non-expressing clinical samples of cervical cancer.Results. It has been demonstrated that the level of the HPV16 URR methylation in E2-expressing lesions is significantly higher than that in non-expressing cervical cancer lesions. Demethylation of the HPV16 promoter in cervical cell line Caski is followed by decrease of the viral E6 и E7 oncogenes mRNA levels, supporting the hypothesis that methylation is necessary for effective E6 and E7 transcription and indicates on restitution of E2 regulatory function in E2-expressing cervical cancer cells.Conclusion. These data suggest that methylation of E2 binding sites in HPV16 regulatory region blocking E2 protein binding represents an important mechanism ensuring high level of the viral E6 and E7 oncogenes expression
Reperfusion therapies and in-hospital outcomes for ST-elevation myocardial infarction in Europe: The ACVC-EAPCI EORP STEMI Registry of the European Society of Cardiology
Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the contemporary use of reperfusion therapy in the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) member and affiliated countries and adherence to ESC clinical practice guidelines in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods and results: Prospective cohort (EURObservational Research Programme STEMI Registry) of hospitalized STEMI patients with symptom onset <24 h in 196 centres across 29 countries. A total of 11 462 patients were enrolled, for whom primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (total cohort frequency: 72.2%, country frequency range 0-100%), fibrinolysis (18.8%; 0-100%), and no reperfusion therapy (9.0%; 0-75%) were performed. Corresponding in-hospital mortality rates from any cause were 3.1%, 4.4%, and 14.1% and overall mortality was 4.4% (country range 2.5-5.9%). Achievement of quality indicators for reperfusion was reported for 92.7% (region range 84.8-97.5%) for the performance of reperfusion therapy of all patients with STEMI <12 h and 54.4% (region range 37.1-70.1%) for timely reperfusion. Conclusions: The use of reperfusion therapy for STEMI in the ESC member and affiliated countries was high. Primary PCI was the most frequently used treatment and associated total in-hospital mortality was below 5%. However, there was geographic variation in the use of primary PCI, which was associated with differences in in-hospital mortality