Using A Subsurface Vertical Flow System to Remediate Municipal Wastewater

The goal of this study is to determine the efficacy of plants in the treatment of municipal wastewater (MWW) utilizing the aquatic plant common reed, also known as Phragmites australis. Two glass basins with dimensions of (60 cm x 26 cm) and a height of (60 cm x 26 cm) have been developed for this purpose (30 cm). In this investigation, two basins were employed: one served as a reference, while the other was used to conduct tests using synthetic and actual city wastewater. The plant treatment basins with vertical subsurface flow (VSSF) system was used in this investigation because it provides greater ventilation. Furthermore, the retention duration is many hours due to water molecules penetrating the basin's layers of packing materials, which have a rather high hydraulic conductivity. Three layers of aggregates, sand, and agricultural sand were used to cover the basins' bases: the first layer was 3 cm of aggregates, the second was 3 cm of sand, and the final layer was 4 cm of agricultural sand. Before beginning the experiment, the plants were acclimated for two weeks. To imitate municipal wastewater, lab-created synthetic wastewater was employed. Samples were collected and tests were performed after four weeks of running the trials to determine certain significant pollution indicators and their elimination percentage. TDS= 20.6 %, TSS= 65 %, BOD5=75 percent, COD=64.1 %, and TH= 47.2 % were the findings. The capacity of Phragmites australis to function as a biofilter in the treatment process was demonstrated by its use in the phytoremediation of municipal wastewater

Study and Evaluation of the Assumptions of Statistical Methods in Published Educational Research: Al-Mandumah Database as A Model: Review Study

The aim of this research is to study and evaluate the assumptions of statistical methods in educational research published in the Dar Al-Mandumah Database. The non-probability purposive sample was used in the study, and it consisted of 301 educational research divided into three categories (PhD and Masters theses, educational research in curricula, teaching methods and educational issues, and educational research in statistical subjects). To achieve the goal of the research, the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P2015) method” was used, and it consists of two phases. The first phase dealt with the study of the statistical methods used in educational research, and the second phase dealt with the verification of each of the assumptions of the statistical methods used in educational research. Frequencies and percentages were used in both phases. The results of the first phase concluded that descriptive statistical methods and simple inferential statistical methods are the most widely used. While the results of the second phase indicated that educational research lacks the verification of the assumptions of the statistical methods used in it. The research recommends that research should follow a new approach when it comes to statistical methods; especially since recent trends in research refer to the use of advanced research methods, and assumptions must be verified before using statistical methods