THE CONCEPT OF LAW AND EFFICACY

Jedno od značenja izraza ‘učinkovitost’ odnosi se na činjenicu da se adresati pravnih normi stvarno ponašaju onako kako to od njih zahtijevaju pravne norme. To se značenje izraza obično koristi u filozofskopravnim raspravama glede toga je li učinkovitost bitan element pojma prava. Prema pravnom pozitivizmu, učinkovitost je u nekim slučajevima i na određene načine uvjet važenja (vrijeđenja) pravnih normi i pravnih sustava. S druge strane, pravni je realizam sklon potpunom poistovjećivanju pravnog važenja s učinkovitosti ili njegovu svođenju na učinkovitost. Prema tome, u oba je filozofskopravna pravca učinkovitost u pravilu uključena u oblikovanje njihovih pojmova prava. Međutim, dok pravnopozitivističko shvaćanje ne utječe na najuobičajenije značenje važenja pravne norme (pripadanje pravne norme pravnom sustavu), a utvrđivanjem učinkovitosti kao kriterija postojanja pravnog sustava ne dodaje mnogo objašnjenju pojma prava, pravnorealističko se shvaćanje suočava s ozbiljnim prigovorima glede svoje objašnjavalačke prikladnosti.One of the senses of the term ‘efficacy’ refers to the fact that norm-addresses actually behave as is required of them by legal norms. This sense of the term is one which is generally used within the jurisprudential discussions about whether efficacy is the essential element of the concept of law. According to legal positivism, efficacy is in some cases and in certain ways the condition of legal validity of both legal norms and legal systems. On the other hand, legal realism tends to entirely identify legal validity or reduce it to efficacy. Thus, in both jurisprudential approaches, efficacy tends to play a role in shaping their respective concepts of law. However, while the legal positivistic view does not affect the most standard sense of legal validity of the legal norm (i.e. the legal norms’ membership in the legal system), and does not add much to the explanation of the concept of law by identifying efficacy as the criterion of legal systems’ existence, the legal realistic view is faced with some serious objections regarding its explanatory adequacy

Rebound tonometry after vitreoretinal surgery

The aim of this study was to analyze the practicability and comparability of the Icare rebound tonometer (RT) versus the Schiotz indentation tonometer (SIT) and the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). A total of 100 eyes from 100 patients who underwent vitreoretinal surgery in the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne were included in this prospective analysis. The IOP was measured using RT preoperatively, on the day of surgery and 2 days after surgery, using SIT on the day of surgery and GAT preoperatively and 2 days after surgery. For the evaluation eyes were divided into subgroups with respect to the endotamponade selected and the IOP level. The mean preoperative IOP for all enrolled eyes was 15.4 +/- 8.0 mmHg for RT and 16.1 +/- 7.9 mmHg for GAT. Bland-Altman analysis revealed a bias between RT and GAT of -aEuro parts per thousand 0.6 mmHg. Bland-Altman analysis for the postoperative course of all eyes revealed a bias of 3.0 mmHg between RT and SIT on the day of surgery and no bias between RT and GAT in the further postoperative follow-up. Rebound tonometry seems to provide precise IOP values after vitreoretinal surgery. Divergence from SIT values on the day of surgery is presumably due to a general tendency of SIT to underestimate IOP values. Therefore, RT can be used in the clinical routine after vitreoretinal surgery as an alternative to GAT

Shift in bacterial etiology from the CAPNETZ cohort in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: data over more than a decade

To determine the most relevant pathogens for CAP in Germany, patients with radiologically confirmed pulmonary infiltrates and at least one clinical sign of lung infection were prospectively recruited within the CAPNETZ cohort from 2004 until 2016. In 990 out of 4.672 patients (21%) receiving complete diagnostics the most prominent change of pathogens was a decrease of S. pneumoniae (58% in 2004 to 37.5% in 2016; p ≤ 0.001, ρ =  − 0.148) and an increase of H. influenzae (12.2% to 20.8%; p = 0.001, ρ = 0.104)