Benzoyl and trichloroacetyl isocyanates in cyclo-formation reactions

1. Benzoyl isocyanate reacts with acrolein and diphenylacetylene by the 1,2-cyclo-addition type. 2. Benzoyl isocyanate and trichloroacetyl isocyanate react with γ -vinylpyridine by the 1,4-cyclo-addition type, with the formation of six-membered adducts. 3. Trichloroacetyl isocyanate reacts with p-halo-substituted phenylacetylenes by the 1,4-cyclo-addition type. © 1971 Consultants Bureau

Reaction of benzoyl and trichloroacetyl isocyanates with cyclic enamines

Benzoyl isocyanate reacts with morpholinocyclohexene, morpholinocyclopentene, piperidinocyclohexene, and piperidinocyclopentene on the type of 1,4-cycloaddition, with the formation of 1,3-oxazin-4-one derivatives, while trichloroacetyl isocyanate reacts on the type of 1,2-cycloaddition, with the formation of 2-azetidinone derivatives, and only with morpholinocyclopentene does it react on the type of 1,4-cycloaddition. © 1973 Consultants Bureau

Interaction of benzoyl and trichloroacetyl isocyanates with electrophilic reagents

1. Benzoyl and trichloroacetyl isocyanates react with electrophilic reagents with greater difficulty than with nucleophilic reagents. 2. Benzoyl isocyanate reacts with ethylpropionate, propargylmethyl ether, and cis-dichloroethylene according to a scheme of 1,2-cycloaddition. 3. Trichloroacetyl isocyanate interacts with propargylmethyl ether according to the type of 1,2-cy-cloaddition and according to the type of substitutional addition. 4. A dimer of benzoyl isocyanate was produced, and its structure was established. © 1971 Consultants Bureau

Synthesis of 3-benzoyl- and 3-trichloroacetylimidazolidin-2-ones

The reaction of benzoyl and trichloroacetyl isocyanates with ethylenimine was studied and the structure of the obtained adducts was established. © 1970 Consultants Bureau

Reactions of benzoyl and trichloeoacetyl isocyanates with unsaturated ethers and sulfides

1. The benzoyl and trichloroacetyl isocyanates react with enol ethers to yield products with a linear structure. 2. Trichloroacetyl isocyanate reacts with vinyl ethyl sulfides to give the 2 + 4-cycloaddition product, and with alkene sulfides of the RSCH=CHR′ type to give produots with a linear structure. Benzoyl isocyanate does not react with alkene sulfides. © 1974 Consultants Bureau

Reaction of benzoyl and trichloroacetyl isocyanates with some three-membered heterocycles

1. Benzoyl isocyanate reacts with epichlorohydrin and thioepichlorohydrin to give linear isomers. 2. The benzoyl and trichloroacetyl isocyanates react with cyclohexene sulfide to give both cyclic and linear isomers. 3. Benzoyl isocyanate reacts with propylene sulfide to give both the cyclic and the linear isomer. © 1972 Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation

Reaction of trichloroacetyl isocyanate with vinyl sulfides

Trichloroacetyl isocyanate reacts with the n-butyl, isoamyl, and phenyl vinyl sulfides on the type of 1, 4-cycloaddition with the formation of 3, 1-oxazin-6-one derivatives. © 1973 Consultants Bureau

Reaction of benzoyl and trichloroacetyl isocyanates with quinoline

Trichoroacetyl isocyanate under the influence of quinoline forms ditrichloroacetylcarbodiimide, which adds to the C=N bond of quinoline on the type of a 2+4-cycloaddition. Benzoyl isocyanate under the influence of quinoline forms the dimer. © 1973 Consultants Bureau

Variability in interpretation of chest radiographs among Russian clinicians and implications for screening programmes: observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine variability in interpretation of chest radiographs among tuberculosis specialists, radiologists, and respiratory specialists. DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: Tuberculosis and respiratory disease services, Samara region, Russian Federation. PARTICIPANTS: 101 clinicians involved in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary tuberculosis and respiratory diseases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Interobserver and intraobserver agreement on the interpretation of 50 digital chest radiographs, using a scale of poor to very good agreement (kappa coefficient: < or = 0.20 poor, 0.21-0.40 fair, 0.41-0.60 moderate, 0.61-0.80 good, and 0.81-1.00 very good). RESULTS: Agreement on the presence or absence of an abnormality was fair only (kappa = 0.380, 95% confidence interval 0.376 to 0.384), moderate for localisation of the abnormality (0.448, 0.444 to 0.452), and fair for a diagnosis of tuberculosis (0.387, 0.382 to 0.391). The highest levels of agreement were among radiologists. Level of experience (years of work in the specialty) influenced agreement on presence of abnormalities and cavities. Levels of intraobserver agreement were fair. CONCLUSIONS: Population screening for tuberculosis in Russia may be less than optimal owing to limited agreement on interpretation of chest radiographs, and may have implications for radiological screening programmes in other countries

The contribution of perennial fodder crops to the nitrogen balance of agroecosystems in Western Siberia

The article presents the results of experiments obtained in stationary experiments on the basis of grain-fallow and grain-grass crop rotations on meadow-chernozem soil in the Omsk region. The influence of spring wheat precursors (alfalfa of the 3rd year of life and fallow) on individual elements of soil fertility and crop yield has been established. It was revealed that when cultivating spring wheat by fallow in the grain-fallow crop rotation, the nitrogen balance (-28 kg/ha) is negative with an intensity of 66 %. When sowing wheat in grain-grass crop rotation on a layer of perennial grasses, the nitrogen balance is positive (+21.0 kg/ha) and the intensity is 119 %. The favorable effect of the legume component in the crop rotation on the nitrogen regime of the soil significantly increased the yield of spring wheat by 0.5 t/ha in comparison with wheat cultivated in the field crop rotation by bare fallow. Under similar conditions, studies were carried out on irrigated meadowchernozem soil in an eight-field stationary grain-grass crop rotation. The removal of nitrogen by the yield of various perennial grasses, as well as the responsiveness of alfalfa, bromus and sweet clover with productivity parameters to the level of nitrogenphosphorus nutrition, were studied. The current mobilization of nitrogen under these conditions under the vegetative brome without fertilizers was 76 kg/ha. When optimizing the phosphate regime of the soil, this indicator increased to 99 kg/ha.  The removal of nitrogen by alfalfa on similar agricultural backgrounds increases due to symbiotically fixed nitrogen, by 89 and 193 kg/ha, respectively, or 2.2 and 2.9 times. Alfalfa and sweet clover responded positively to the improvement of mineral fertilizing conditions (P60N60-160). In alfalfa of the 1-5 year of life the collection of green mass and fodder units increased to 40.56 and 7.00 t/ha, respectively, or by 86 and 54 % relative to the control without fertilizers, with 82.76 GJ of exchange energy per hectare. The productivity of sweet clover of the 2nd year of life increased up to 30.85 t/ha of green mass and 2.83 t/ha of fodder units or by 37 and 17 % relative to the control