Pc5 waves generated by substorm injection: a case study

We analyzed the spectral-polarized characteristics of Pc5 ULF waves observed on 17 September 2000 after the 03:20:25 UT substorm onset with the satellites GOES 8 and 10 located east and west of the onset location. In the course of the event, the wave polarization changed from mixed (between toroidal and poloidal) to poloidal, and then to mixed again. The hodogram of magnetic field oscillations rotated counterclockwise at GOES 8, and clockwise at GOES 10. It is suggested that the satellites detected the waves generated by the substorm injected clouds of the charged particles drifting in the magnetosphere in the opposite azimuthal directions: GOES 8 (located east of the substorm onset) detected the wave generated by an electron cloud, and GOES 10 (west of the onset) detected the wave generated by a positive ion cloud. This interpretation is confirmed by the energetic particles data recorded by LANL satellites

Late Antiquity: the regional specific nature of intellectual tradition

The primary purpose of the study is to investigate the specifics of the intellectual tradition prevailing in some regions of the Late Antique world. For the purpose of a comprehensive review of the problem, the authors focus on wellknown intellectuals of the 5th-6th centuries, representing Gaul (Ausonius, Sidonius, Ennodius et al.), Alexandria (John Philoponus, Hypatia, Sinesius of Cyrene et al.), Africa (Fulgentius, Priscian, Corippus), Isauria (Candidus Isaurus

ОБСЛЕДОВАНИЕ ГОРОДА КРАСНОКАМЕНСК НА СОДЕРЖАНИЕ РАДОНА В ПОМЕЩЕНИЯХ

Survey of dwellings and enterprises of the Krasnokamensk city on the indoor radon content were performed. The radon volume activity measurements were carried out by integral method with the help of track chambers. Chambers were exhibited in the heating and the warm periods of the year for the 3-4 months in the same premises. The values of equivalent equilibrium volume activity of radon and doses from radon were obtained. It is shown, that the situation with the radon irradiation of the population of Krasnokamensk city in general meets the requirements of the radiation safety standards. Seasonal relations of volume radon activity in the premises are presented.Проведено обследование жилых домов и учреждений города Краснокаменска на содержание радона в помещениях. Измерения объемной активности радона проводились интегральным методом с помощью трековых камер. Камеры экспонировали по 3–4 месяца в отопительный и теплый периоды года в одних и тех же помещениях. Получены значения эквивалентной равновесной объемной активности радона и доз от радона в помещениях. Показано, что ситуация с облучением населения г. Краснокаменска радоном в целом соответствует требованиям Норм радиационной безопасности. Представлены межсезонные отношения объемной активности радона в помещениях

Research of the assortment of the proton pump inhibitors on the regional drugs market

Proton pump inhibitors are new most effective remedies for the treatment of gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. Analysis results of proton pump inhibitors assortment on the regional market are presented in the article

PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONAL STATES OF MITOCHONDRIA IN THE THERMODYNAMIC AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CYCLE

Aim. This study was performed to identify the possible physiological and pathogenetic processes taking place in the mitochondrial matrix which create the conditions for lithogenesis of insoluble calcium phosphate salts (calcium carbonate...). Whereas, they can later be deposited in various tissues, taking into account the fact that the formation of calcium phosphate (calcium carbonate ...) in the human body occurs under normal physiological conditions (bone tissue, otolith...). It raises the urgency of the question of understanding the physiological and pathogenetic mechanisms of lithogenesis.Materials and methods. There was carried out a meta-analysis of the functional states of mitochondria, to which we 125 Kubanskij nauchnyj medicinskij vestnik 2018; 25 (5) applied a mathematical model based on the changing direction and velocity of the conjugated thermodynamic and electrochemical parameters (pressure, volume, temperature, Gibbs potential, exergy…). Considering the schemes of the oxidative phosphorylation proposed by R.Mitchell and R.Williams, we created a model of the thermodynamic and electrochemical cycle of mitochondria which gives a deeper understanding of the principles of the mechanisms of the ongoing processes in the system mitochondrial matrix-internal membrane-intermembrane space.Results. Based on the fundamental principle of functional interaction, there were proposed four functional states of mitochondria (M) in thermodynamic and electrochemical (TD-EC) cycle, to which was created a mathematical model that allows to systematize the processes accompanied by the accumulation of the electrochemical potential, in other words, the charge separation (ionization) in the paramembrane space. At the same time, on the one side of the inner membrane (mitochondrial intermembrane space) the positive charge predominates, and on the other side (the mitochondrial matrix) – the negative. These processes, in view of the repulsion of like charges, lead to the increase in pressure both in the mitochondrial matrix and in the intermembrane space. In this sense, the direction of the electrochemical processes, taking place in the intramembrane and intermembrane environment from the position of physical thermodynamics, is similar to the direction of the processes occurring in the compressible ionized gas (plasma).The states of mitochondria are considered when the velocity of electrons along the respiratory chain, which is associated with a change in the thermal potential, changes in the thickness of its internal membrane. For the medium inside the matrix, which is an ultra-microheterogeneous dispersive mass, and also using the thermodynamic analogy with the ionized gas, by the thermal potential (Ǫ) we mean the product of pressure (P) per volume (V): Ǫ= PV. Based on the mathematical model of the thermodynamic behavior of the mitochondria and on the limitations imposed by the laws of physical and chemical thermodynamics, it is established that the greatest degree of thermodynamic perfection in the process of mitochondrial respiration corresponds to the state of "respiratory control" which, among the set of Functional States, is acceptable to consider the fundamental (basic, the first), in other words, F-I.The hierarchy of the homeostatic system of mitochondria is built according to the degree and speed of energy consumption which constantly switches (fluctuates ...) because life is the consequence of a stable nonequilibrium state of the special molecules, since living systems are never in equilibrium and, due to their free Gibbs energy (G), perform a constant work against the equilibrium.There is a physiological "balance" between the various functional states competing for the mitochondrial energy resources: 1) involuntary (Gibbs potential G>0) endergonic phosphorylation process which triggers ATP synthase and is accompanied by the cooling; and 2) spontaneous (Gibbs potential G<0) exergonic process that increases the temperature of the external medium. The pathophysiological "unbalance" of these mechanisms, in which the conditions for the formation of the watersoluble salt of calcium phosphate dihydrate-Ca (H2 PO4 )2 interchange with the poorly soluble calcium hydrogenphosphateСаHPO4 , can be a pathogenetic cause of the occurrence of common diseases (nephrolithiasis, osteochondrosis, atherosclerosis ...).Conclusion. In the thermodynamic and electrochemical cycle of the mitochondrial system matrix-internal membraneintermembrane space, the direction and speed of physiological functional variables, which determine the presence and magnitude of the primary physiological needs, are important. In the multidimensional space of the physiological functional variables there is a gap of functionality. This is the range of parameters variations, the limits of which are distributed according to Gauss and are optimal for the habitat mode in the external environment, which is the cytoplasm in regards to the mitochondria. Going beyond the limits of the gap of functionality promotes the thermodynamic and electrochemical adaptation changes in the mitochondrial system itself which tends to return to the state of the thermodynamic "rest", while the mitochondria performs a cyclic process.Relying on the fact that the fundamental principle of the functional expediency establishes the primacy of the maximum residence time of any living system in the defined ("normative", "permissible" ...) limits of the functionality gap, the fluctuations of which are conditioned by the changing external conditions and internal needs, we express confidence that, taking into account the limitations imposed by the laws of physical and chemical thermodynamics, the greatest degree of thermodynamic perfection of the mitochondrial breathing process in the dynamical electrochemical cycle is performed in the state of the respiratory control (F-I), which corresponds to the maximum entropy (S) and the minimum Gibbs energy (G). In the thermodynamic and electrochemical cycle may arise the conditions that include the adaptive biochemical changes that favor the accumulation of Ca2+ in the mitochondrial matrix, and thereby confirm the direct dependence of the calcium retention capacity on the speed of the respiration of mitochondria. At the same time, a significant amount of Ca2+ accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix, which, combined with the hydrophosphate, is transformed into the calcium diphosphate − Ca3 (PO4 )2 , which has an extremely low solubility in water. This may be a primordial mechanism of lithogenesis with the subsequent deposition of calcium phosphate salts in various tissues, causing the diseases at the organ level, in the pathogenesis of which the violation of energy metabolism is common

Efficacy and safety of different nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for acute neck and back pain

Objective: to comparatively study several nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (their analgesic effect; dynamics of quality of life; side effects, such as NSAID-gastropathy and gastric dyspepsia) in acute pain in the neck and back (dorsalgia).Patients and methods. The investigators followed up 120 patients (4 groups, each having 30 people) with acute dorsalgia who took different oral NSAIDs for 7 days: long-acting ketoprofen, aceclofenac, naproxen, and dexketoprofen (Flamadex). To evaluate their possible side effects, dyspepsia symptoms were monitored and blood pressure (BP) was measured daily; gastroscopy was repeated after completion of a treatment cycle. The Nottingham Quality of Life Questionnaire and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain were used.Results and discussion. A gradual and substantial reduction in pain measured according to VAS was noted in all the NSAID-treated groups. The intensity of pain syndrome decreased faster in the dexketoprofen group; the analgesic effect of naproxen and long-acting aceclofenac was significantly less (p=0.012 and 0.002, respectively). This patient group showed a tendency to maximum improvement according to the Nottingham Quality of Life Questionnaire and VAS. Elevated BP was observed in all the groups, but statistically significantly more frequently in the naproxen group (p=0.05). Gastric dyspepsia was also registered in all the groups, but a tendency to its lower frequency was seen in thedexketoprofen group. Conclusion. Dexketoprofen showed fewer side effects and a more pronounced analgesic effect than ketoprofen, aceclofenac, and naproxen in acute dorsalgia