Marriage by Force? Contestation over Consent and Coercion in Africa

With forced marriage, as with so many human rights issues, the sensationalized hides the mundane, and oversimplified popular discourses miss the range of experiences. In sub-Saharan Africa, the relationship between coercion and consent in marriage is a complex one that has changed over time and place, rendering impossible any single interpretation or explanation. The legal experts, anthropologists, historians, and development workers contributing to Marriage by Force? focus on the role that marriage plays in the mobilization of labor, the accumulation of wealth, and domination versus dependency. They also address the crucial slippage between marriages and other forms of gendered violence, bondage, slavery, and servile status. Only by examining variations in practices from a multitude of perspectives can we properly contextualize the problem and its consequences. And while early and forced marriages have been on the human rights agenda for decades, there is today an unprecedented level of international attention to the issue, thus making the coherent, multifaceted approach of Marriage by Force? even more necessary.https://ohioopen.library.ohio.edu/oupress/1003/thumbnail.jp

Diversity and habitat characteristics of macrozoobenthos in the mangrove forest of Lubuk Kertang Village, North Sumatra

Mangrove plays an important role in coastal ecosystems including ecological, social, and economic aspects. This study aimed to determine the diversity of macrozoobenthos and water quality based on diversity index (H?), similarity Index (E), and dominance index (D) in the mangrove of Lubuk Kertang Village North Sumatra, Indonesia. The samples of macrozoobenthos (biological parameter) and water quality (physical and chemical parameters) were collected from fifteen plots in three different stations. Macrozoobenthos were collected in 1 m ? 1 m transect in the mangrove forest. The biota was taken by using a shovel, inserted into a plastic bag, and identified. Results showed that eight species of macrozoobenthos were found and classified into three classes of Gastropod, Bivalvia, and Malacostraca. The highest diversity index (H?) of macrozoobenthos was found at Station II (2.39), the highest evenness index (E) was located at Station I (0.54), and the highest dominance index (D) was found at Station II (0.34). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the habitat characteristics of macrozoobenthos. PCA confirmed that station III was a habitat with suitable characteristics for the life of macrozoobenthos indicating the negative axis. The present study suggested four parameters namely salinity, clay temperature, and dissolved oxygen that should be preserved to support the survival of macrozoobenthos in the mangrove forests. ? 2018, Society for Indonesian Biodiversity. All rights reservedpublishersversionPeer reviewe

THE UNIQUENESS THEOREM FOR ROTATING BLACK HOLE SOLUTIONS OF SELF-GRAVITATING HARMONIC MAPPINGS

We consider rotating black hole configurations of self-gravitating maps from spacetime into arbitrary Riemannian manifolds. We first establish the integrability conditions for the Killing fields generating the stationary and the axisymmetric isometry (circularity theorem). Restricting ourselves to mappings with harmonic action, we subsequently prove that the only stationary and axisymmetric, asymptotically flat black hole solution with regular event horizon is the Kerr metric. Together with the uniqueness result for non-rotating configurations and the strong rigidity theorem, this establishes the uniqueness of the Kerr family amongst all stationary black hole solutions of self-gravitating harmonic mappings.Comment: 18 pages, latex, no figure