702 research outputs found
A Trial of the Effect of Micronutrient Supplementation on Treatment Outcome, T Cell Counts, Morbidity, and Mortality in Adults with Pulmonary Tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis (TB) often coincides with nutritional deficiencies. The effects of micronutrient supplementation on TB treatment outcomes, clinical complications, and mortality are uncertain. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of micronutrients (vitamins A, B complex, C, and E, as well as selenium) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. We enrolled 471 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and 416 HIV-negative adults with pulmonary TB at the time of initiating chemotherapy and monitored them for a median of 43 months. Micronutrients decreased the risk ofTB recurrence by 45% overall (95% confidence interval [CI], 7% to 67%; P = .02) and by 63% in HIV-infected patients (95% CI, 8% to 85%; P = .02). There were no significant effects on mortality overall; however, we noted a marginally significant 64% reduction of deaths in HIV-negative subjects (95% CI, -14% to 88%; P = .08). Supplementation increased CD3+ and CD4+ cell counts and decreased the incidence of extrapulmonary TB and genital ulcers in HIV-negative patients. Micronutrients reduced the incidence of peripheral neuropathy by 57% (95% CI, 41% to 69%; P < .001), irrespective of HIV status. There were no significant effects on weight gain, body composition, anemia, or HIV load. Micronutrient supplementation could improve the outcome in patients undergoing TB chemotherapy in Tanzania
Modular Invariance of Finite Size Corrections and a Vortex Critical Phase
We analyze a continuous spin Gaussian model on a toroidal triangular lattice
with periods and where the spins carry a representation of the
fundamental group of the torus labeled by phases and . We find the
{\it exact finite size and lattice corrections}, to the partition function ,
for arbitrary mass and phases . Summing over phases gives
the corresponding result for the Ising model. The limits and
do not commute. With the model exhibits a {\it vortex
critical phase} when at least one of the is non-zero. In the continuum or
scaling limit, for arbitrary , the finite size corrections to are
{\it modular invariant} and for the critical phase are given by elliptic theta
functions. In the cylinder limit the ``cylinder charge''
is a non-monotonic function of that ranges from
for to zero for .Comment: 12 pages of Plain TeX with two postscript figure insertions called
torusfg1.ps and torusfg2.ps which can be obtained upon request from
[email protected]
Forces between a single atom and its distant mirror image
An excited-state atom whose emitted light is back-reflected by a distant
mirror can experience trapping forces, because the presence of the mirror
modifies both the electromagnetic vacuum field and the atom's own radiation
reaction field. We demonstrate this mechanical action using a single trapped
barium ion. We observe the trapping conditions to be notably altered when the
distant mirror is shifted by an optical wavelength. The well-localised barium
ion enables the spatial dependence of the forces to be measured explicitly. The
experiment has implications for quantum information processing and may be
regarded as the most elementary optical tweezers.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, published versio
Exact Finite-Size-Scaling Corrections to the Critical Two-Dimensional Ising Model on a Torus
We analyze the finite-size corrections to the energy and specific heat of the
critical two-dimensional spin-1/2 Ising model on a torus. We extend the
analysis of Ferdinand and Fisher to compute the correction of order L^{-3} to
the energy and the corrections of order L^{-2} and L^{-3} to the specific heat.
We also obtain general results on the form of the finite-size corrections to
these quantities: only integer powers of L^{-1} occur, unmodified by logarithms
(except of course for the leading term in the specific heat); and the
energy expansion contains only odd powers of L^{-1}. In the specific-heat
expansion any power of L^{-1} can appear, but the coefficients of the odd
powers are proportional to the corresponding coefficients of the energy
expansion.Comment: 26 pages (LaTeX). Self-unpacking file containing the tex file and
three macros (indent.sty, eqsection.sty, subeqnarray.sty). Added discussions
on the results and new references. Version to be published in J. Phys.
Colloquium: Trapped ions as quantum bits -- essential numerical tools
Trapped, laser-cooled atoms and ions are quantum systems which can be
experimentally controlled with an as yet unmatched degree of precision. Due to
the control of the motion and the internal degrees of freedom, these quantum
systems can be adequately described by a well known Hamiltonian. In this
colloquium, we present powerful numerical tools for the optimization of the
external control of the motional and internal states of trapped neutral atoms,
explicitly applied to the case of trapped laser-cooled ions in a segmented
ion-trap. We then delve into solving inverse problems, when optimizing trapping
potentials for ions. Our presentation is complemented by a quantum mechanical
treatment of the wavepacket dynamics of a trapped ion. Efficient numerical
solvers for both time-independent and time-dependent problems are provided.
Shaping the motional wavefunctions and optimizing a quantum gate is realized by
the application of quantum optimal control techniques. The numerical methods
presented can also be used to gain an intuitive understanding of quantum
experiments with trapped ions by performing virtual simulated experiments on a
personal computer. Code and executables are supplied as supplementary online
material (http://kilian-singer.de/ent).Comment: accepted for publication in Review of Modern Physics 201
A new test for random number generators: Schwinger-Dyson equations for the Ising model
We use a set of Schwinger-Dyson equations for the Ising Model to check
several random number generators. For the model in two and three dimensions, it
is shown that the equations are sensitive tests of bias originated by the
random numbers. The method is almost costless in computer time when added to
any simulation.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure
Kronecker's Double Series and Exact Asymptotic Expansion for Free Models of Statistical Mechanics on Torus
For the free models of statistical mechanics on torus, exact asymptotic
expansions of the free energy, the internal energy and the specific heat in the
vicinity of the critical point are found. It is shown that there is direct
relation between the terms of the expansion and the Kronecker's double series.
The latter can be expressed in terms of the elliptic theta-functions in all
orders of the asymptotic expansion.Comment: REVTeX, 22 pages, this is expanded version which includes exact
asymptotic expansions of the free energy, the internal energy and the
specific hea
Algorithm for normal random numbers
We propose a simple algorithm for generating normally distributed pseudo
random numbers. The algorithm simulates N molecules that exchange energy among
themselves following a simple stochastic rule. We prove that the system is
ergodic, and that a Maxwell like distribution that may be used as a source of
normally distributed random deviates follows when N tends to infinity. The
algorithm passes various performance tests, including Monte Carlo simulation of
a finite 2D Ising model using Wolff's algorithm. It only requires four simple
lines of computer code, and is approximately ten times faster than the
Box-Muller algorithm.Comment: 5 pages, 3 encapsulated Postscript Figures. Submitted to
Phys.Rev.Letters. For related work, see http://pipe.unizar.es/~jf
Dynamic Critical Behavior of the Swendsen-Wang Algorithm: The Two-Dimensional 3-State Potts Model Revisited
We have performed a high-precision Monte Carlo study of the dynamic critical
behavior of the Swendsen-Wang algorithm for the two-dimensional 3-state Potts
model. We find that the Li-Sokal bound ()
is almost but not quite sharp. The ratio seems to diverge
either as a small power () or as a logarithm.Comment: 35 pages including 3 figures. Self-unpacking file containing the
LaTeX file, the needed macros (epsf.sty, indent.sty, subeqnarray.sty, and
eqsection.sty) and the 3 Postscript figures. Revised version fixes a
normalization error in \xi (with many thanks to Wolfhard Janke for finding
the error!). To be published in J. Stat. Phys. 87, no. 1/2 (April 1997
Exact results at the 2-D percolation point
We derive exact expressions for the excess number of clusters b and the
excess cumulants b_n of a related quantity at the 2-D percolation point.
High-accuracy computer simulations are in accord with our predictions. b is a
finite-size correction to the Temperley-Lieb or Baxter-Temperley-Ashley formula
for the number of clusters per site n_c in the infinite system limit; the bn
correct bulk cumulants. b and b_n are universal, and thus depend only on the
system's shape. Higher-order corrections show no apparent dependence on
fractional powers of the system size.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figures, LaTeX, submitted to Physical Review Letter
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