Динамика энергоструктурной активности при ингаляционной анестезии

Цель. Улучшение результатов лечения больных путем придания периоперационному обеспечению ингаляционной анестезии севофлураном энергопротективной направленности. Материалы и методы. У пациентов с острой патологией органов брюшной полости проведен аудит энергоструктурной активности во время ингаляционной анестезии севофлураном. В группе сравнения использовали общепринятый протокол, в основной – с применением органопротективных технологий. Определяли клинические индексы опасности (КИО), безопасности (КИБ), кардиальный резерв (КР), микроциркуляторно–митохондриальную недостаточность (ММН), концентрацию в крови нейроглиального белка (S100) и нейронспецифической энолазы (NSE). Результаты. Ингаляционная анестезия севофлураном нарушает энергоструктурные взаимодействия (ЭСВ) в массе клеток тела (МКТ). Энергопротективные технологии снижают степень повреждения, о чем свидетельствовала концентрация в крови S100 и NSE. Выводы. Применение энергопротективных технологий в соответствии с категориями энергоструктурной активности в МКТ позволяет улучшить результаты лечения пациентов с острой патологией брюшной полости и персонифицировать анестезиологическое обеспечение. Выявлена и доказана тесная корреляционная связь между ранними проявлениями структурных микроповреждений клеток головного мозга с энергоструктурными изменениями в МКТ пациентов

Unusual presentation of metastatic adenocarcinoma

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The most common tumours of the adrenal gland are adenoma, pheochromocytoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, and metastases. Although the imaging features of these tumours are established, the imaging characteristics of uncommon adrenal masses are less well known. In patients with extradrenal tumour, incidental discovery of an adrenal mass necessitates excluding the possibility of metastatic malignancy.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A 52 year-old female was diagnosed with oesophageal adenocarcinoma and treated with oesophagectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. Sixteen months later on staging CT scan a 2 × 2 cm adrenal mass was detected, which increased in size over a period of time to 3 × 3 cm in size. Adrenalectomy was performed and histological examination revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma within an adrenal adenoma.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The present case highlights the unusual behaviour of an oesophageal adenocarcinoma causing metastasis to an adrenocortical adenoma.</p

Severe Diverticulitis Associated to <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> Infection in a 91 Year Old Patient (Clinical Case)

Aim. To present a clinical case of a 91-year-old patient with a severe course of diverticulitis combined with the development of Clostridioides difficile-associated disease.Key points. On admission the patient complained of pain in the left iliac region, increased body temperature, constipation and bloating. The medical history showed that constipation increased on the background of prolonged bed rest and discontinuation of psyllium. According to the laboratory and instrumental examinations, the patient had signs of acute diverticulitis, antibacterial therapy was corrected twice, positive dynamics of the condition was noted. However, a few days later, the patient developed a clinic of C. difficile-associated disease, which required the prescription of anticlostridial therapy (vancomycin), until the laboratory confirmation of the accession of this infection was obtained. Combined therapy of exacerbation of diverticular disease and C. difficile-associated disease made it possible to achieve a steady improvement of the condition.Conclusion. The exclusion of possible development of C. difficile-associated disease on the background or prior antibiotic therapy is an important condition for correct and adequate management of a patient with exacerbation of diverticular disease. If the patient develops a clinical picture of C. difficile-associated disease, treatment may be initiated before laboratory confirmation

Критерии лабораторной диагностики нозокомиального менингита у пациентов отделения реанимации и интенсивной терапии. Опыт пятилетнего проспективного наблюдения

Introduction. Nosocomial meningitis (NM) is one of the leading complications in neurosurgery due to high mortality and disability rates.Objective. The study was aimed to determine the reference values of laboratory parameters to diagnose NM in neurosurgical patients in the intensive care unit (ICU).Results. The incidence of NM in neurosurgical patients in ICU was 8.4 (95% CI 6.8–10. 0) per 100 patients. The dominant microbial agents of NM were coagulase-negative staphylococci, A. baumannii, and K. pneumoniae. We revealed the increase in leukocytosis, C-reactive protein, and blood procalcitonin in patients with infectious complications of other systems, regardless of NM presence. Episodes of hyponatremia and an increase in body temperature ≥ 38.0 occurred signifcantly more often in patients with NM. Changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytosis, glucose, lactate, and the CSF/blood glucose ratio can serve as reliable criteria in the NM diagnosis.Conclusions. The diagnosis of NM is most likely when the increase in CSF cytosis &gt; 65 cells/μL, CSF lactate &gt; 4.2 mmol/L is observed, the decrease in the CSF glucose &lt; 2.6 mmol, and CSF/blood glucose ratio &lt; 0.45 is found.Нозокомиальный менингит (НМ) является одной из ведущих проблем в нейрохирургии в связи с высоким уровнем летальности и инвалидизации.Цель: определить референсные значения лабораторных показателей в диагностике НМ у нейрохирургических пациентов в отделении реанимации и интенсивной терапии (ОРИТ).Результаты. Частота развития НМ у нейрохирургических пациентов в ОРИТ составила 8,4 (95%-ный ДИ 6,8‒10,0) на 100 больных. Доминирующими возбудителями НМ являлись: коагулазонегативные стафилококки, A. baumannii и K. Pneumoniae. Оценка лейкоцитоза, С-реактивного белка и прокальцитонина в крови выявила повышение их уровня у пациентов с инфекционными осложнениями других систем независимо от наличия НМ. Эпизоды гипонатриемии и повышения температуры тела ≥ 38,0°С встречались статистически значимо чаще у пациентов с НМ. Изменения цитоза ликвора, концентраций глюкозы в ликворе, лактата в ликворе, а также соотношения концентраций глюкозы в ликворе к глюкозе в крови (коэффициента CSF/SGlu) могут служить достоверными критериями в диагностике НМ.Выводы. Диагноз НМ наиболее вероятен: при повышении цитоза ликвора &gt; 65 клеток в 1 мкл, лактата в ликворе &gt; 4,2 ммоль/л; снижении концентрации глюкозы в ликворе &lt; 2,6 ммоль/л, коэффициента CSF/SGlu &lt; 0,45

Determination of Probiotics Prescription Indications in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Materials of the Expert Council and Literature Review)

Aim. To review the main indications for probiotics prescription in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and to present the materials of an Expert Council, which was held on 18 March 2022 in Moscow.Key points. Gut microbiota disturbance is an integral part of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) pathogenesis. Changes of colonic microbiota composition are associated with its functional potential modification, which leads to an increasing of the pro-inflammatory immune response, as well as to an exacerbation of the disease symptoms and quality of life decreasing in patients with IBS. The novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is an independent risk factor for both exacerbation and onset of IBS, which predispose to increase IBS incidence. Correction of gut microbiota composition with probiotics seems to be a promising therapeutic target for IBS treatment optimizing. The optimal probiotic should be effective, safe, strain-specific, and its dose and duration of administration should be confirmed by the results of clinical studies. Some of the probiotics with proven efficacy in IBS are Alflorex® and Enterol®.Conclusion. Prescription of certain probiotics in IBS is advisable to normalize the frequency and consistency of stools, relieve abdominal pain and bloating, as well as improve patients’ quality of life

Modern Approaches to the Diagnosis and treatment of <i>Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile)</i>-associated Disease in Adults (literature Review and Expert Council Resolution)

Aim: to review the modern approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of C. difficile-associated disease in adults and present the resolution of the Expert Council held on March 25, 2023 in Moscow.General provisions. C. difficile is the most important nosocomial pathogen which spores are also commonly found in the environment. Microbiota impairment, primarily due to the use of antibacterial drugs, is a key stage in the development of C. difficile-associated disease. A search for an infection should be carried out only in patients with diarrhea, and it is advisable to use at least 2 laboratory methods. The drug of choice for first-line treatment is vancomycin. If drug treatment is ineffective or the patient has recurrent clostridial infection, fecal microbiota transplantation should be considered. The probiotic strain Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 has a direct inhibitory effect on C. difficile toxin A, promotes normalization of the intestinal microbiota composition, and decreases the inflammatory reaction in colonic mucosa colonized with a toxigenic strain of C. difficile.Conclusions. Addition of the probiotic strain Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 to antibacterial therapy promotes both primary and secondary prevention of C. difficile-associated disease

Effects of trichlorobenzene on natural phytoplankton populations

Natural phytoplankton assemblages from an offshore station in Lake Michigan were exposed to individual isomers of trichlorobenzene (TCB) and incubated in situ for a 24 h period. One set of exposures was initiated with a lake assemblage collected at 0330 h from 30 m and the TCB isomers added at 0400 h. The second exposure experiment was initiated with an assemblage from 30 m collected at 1530 h and the TCB isomers added at 1600 h.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/44445/1/10646_2004_Article_BF00368534.pd

Practical Recommendation of the Scientific Сommunity for Human Microbiome Research (CHMR) and the Russian Gastroenterological Association (RGA) on Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Adults

Aim. To optimize the choice of treatment strategies by physicians and gastroenterologists to improve treatment and prevention of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in adults.Key points. SIBO is a condition characterized by an increased amount and/or abnormal composition of the microbiota in the small intestine. Clinically, the syndrome is manifested by nonspecific gastroenterological complaints and the development of malabsorption syndrome. Most often, SIBO is associated with various chronic non- infectious diseases (both diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, and the cardiovascular system and the neuromuscular apparatus) and can affect the severity of their symptoms. Specific methods for diagnosing SIBO are the culture method and breath tests. The main approaches to the treatment of SIBO include the elimination of the underlying cause of its occurrence, the use of antibacterial drugs and adherence to dietary recommendations (elemental diet).Conclusion. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is common in patients with various diseases, but has non-specific manifestations, so proper diagnosis of this condition is required. SIBO therapy involves prescription of antibacterial agents, the most studied of which is the non-absorbable antibiotic rifaximin-α

Diagnosis and Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Clinical Recommendations of the Russian Gastroenterological Association and Association of Coloproctologists of Russia

Aim. Current clinical recommendations accentuate current methods for the diagnosis and treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).Key points. IBS is a functional bowel disorder manifested with recurrent, at least weekly, abdominal pain with the following attributes (any two leastwise): link to defecation, its frequency or stool shape. The symptoms are expected to persist for at minimum three months in a total six-month follow-up. Similar to other functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, IBS can be diagnosed basing on the patient symptoms compliance with Rome IV criteria, provided the absence of potentially symptom-causative organic GI diseases. Due to challenging differential diagnosis, IBS can be appropriately established per exclusionem, with pre-examination as follows: general and biochemical blood tests; tissue transglutaminase IgA/IgG antibody tests; thyroid hormones test; faecal occult blood test; hydrogen glucose/ lactulose breath test for bacterial overgrowth; stool test for enteric bacterial pathogens and Clostridium difficile A/B toxins; stool calprotectin test; abdominal ultrasound; OGDS, with biopsy as appropriate; colonoscopy with biopsy. The IBS sequence is typically wavelike, with alternating remissions and exacerbations often triggered by psychoemotional stress. Treatment of IBS patients includes dietary and lifestyle adjustments, various-class drug agents prescription and psychotherapeutic measures.Conclusion. Adherence to clinical recommendations can facilitate timely diagnosis and improve medical aid quality in patients with different clinical IBS variants

Diagnosis and Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Clinical Recommendations of the Russian Gastroenterological Association and Association of Coloproctologists of Russia

Aim. Current clinical recommendations accentuate current methods for the diagnosis and treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).Key points. IBS is a functional bowel disorder manifested with recurrent, at least weekly, abdominal pain with the following attributes (any two leastwise): link to defecation, its frequency or stool shape. The symptoms are expected to persist for at minimum three months in a total six-month follow-up. Similar to other functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, IBS can be diagnosed basing on the patient symptoms compliance with Rome IV criteria, provided the absence of potentially symptom-causative organic GI diseases. Due to challenging differential diagnosis, IBS can be appropriately established per exclusionem, with pre-examination as follows: general and biochemical blood tests; tissue transglutaminase IgA/IgG antibody tests; thyroid hormones test; faecal occult blood test; hydrogen glucose/ lactulose breath test for bacterial overgrowth; stool test for enteric bacterial pathogens and Clostridium difficile A/B toxins; stool calprotectin test; abdominal ultrasound; OGDS, with biopsy as appropriate; colonoscopy with biopsy. The IBS sequence is typically wavelike, with alternating remissions and exacerbations often triggered by psychoemotional stress. Treatment of IBS patients includes dietary and lifestyle adjustments, various-class drug agents prescription and psychotherapeutic measures.Conclusion. Adherence to clinical recommendations can facilitate timely diagnosis and improve medical aid quality in patients with different clinical IBS variants