62 research outputs found
A compilation of field surveys on gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) from contrasting environmental settings in Europe, South America, South Africa and China: separating fads from facts
Mercury is transported globally in the atmosphere
mostly in gaseous elemental form (GEM, Hg0
gas),
but still few worldwide studies taking into account
different and contrasted environmental settings are
available in a single publication. This work presents
and discusses data from Argentina, Bolivia, Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Brazil, Chile, China, Croatia, Finland,
Italy, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Slovenia and
Venezuela. We classified the information in four
groups: (1) mining districts where this contaminant
poses or has posed a risk for human populations and/or
ecosystems; (2) cities, where the concentration ofatmospheric mercury could be higher than normal due
to the burning of fossil fuels and industrial activities;
(3) areas with natural emissions from volcanoes; and
(4) pristine areas where no anthropogenic influence
was apparent. All the surveys were performed using
portable LUMEX RA-915 series atomic absorption
spectrometers. The results for cities fall within a low
GEM concentration range that rarely exceeds 30 ng m-3,
that is, 6.6 times lower than the restrictive ATSDR
threshold (200 ng m-3) for chronic exposure to this
pollutant. We also observed this behavior in the former
mercury mining districts, where few data were above
200 ng m-3.We noted that high concentrations of GEM
are localized phenomena that fade away in short
distances. However, this does not imply that they do not
pose a risk for those working in close proximity to the
source. This is the case of the artisanal gold miners that
heat the AuâHg amalgam to vaporize mercury. In this
respect, while GEM can be truly regarded as a hazard,
because of possible physicalâchemical transformations
into other species, it is only under these localized
conditions, implying exposure to high GEM concentrations,
which it becomes a direct risk for humans.Grants
CGL2009-13171 and CTM2012-33918 from the Spanish
Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and PII1I09-0142-
4389 from theCastilla-LaMancha (Spain)RegionalGovernment.Published713-7346A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorioJCR Journalrestricte
Intraperitoneal drain placement and outcomes after elective colorectal surgery: international matched, prospective, cohort study
Despite current guidelines, intraperitoneal drain placement after elective colorectal surgery remains widespread. Drains were not associated with earlier detection of intraperitoneal collections, but were associated with prolonged hospital stay and increased risk of surgical-site infections.Background Many surgeons routinely place intraperitoneal drains after elective colorectal surgery. However, enhanced recovery after surgery guidelines recommend against their routine use owing to a lack of clear clinical benefit. This study aimed to describe international variation in intraperitoneal drain placement and the safety of this practice. Methods COMPASS (COMPlicAted intra-abdominal collectionS after colorectal Surgery) was a prospective, international, cohort study which enrolled consecutive adults undergoing elective colorectal surgery (February to March 2020). The primary outcome was the rate of intraperitoneal drain placement. Secondary outcomes included: rate and time to diagnosis of postoperative intraperitoneal collections; rate of surgical site infections (SSIs); time to discharge; and 30-day major postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo grade at least III). After propensity score matching, multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to estimate the independent association of the secondary outcomes with drain placement. Results Overall, 1805 patients from 22 countries were included (798 women, 44.2 per cent; median age 67.0 years). The drain insertion rate was 51.9 per cent (937 patients). After matching, drains were not associated with reduced rates (odds ratio (OR) 1.33, 95 per cent c.i. 0.79 to 2.23; P = 0.287) or earlier detection (hazard ratio (HR) 0.87, 0.33 to 2.31; P = 0.780) of collections. Although not associated with worse major postoperative complications (OR 1.09, 0.68 to 1.75; P = 0.709), drains were associated with delayed hospital discharge (HR 0.58, 0.52 to 0.66; P < 0.001) and an increased risk of SSIs (OR 2.47, 1.50 to 4.05; P < 0.001). Conclusion Intraperitoneal drain placement after elective colorectal surgery is not associated with earlier detection of postoperative collections, but prolongs hospital stay and increases SSI risk
Pedochemical evolution and trace elements availability to plants in ophiolitic soils
SCI. TOT. ENVIR
Pedochemical evolution and trace elements availability to plants in ophiolitic soils
SCI. TOT. ENVIR
Pedochemical evolution and trace elements availability to plants in ophiolitic soils
SCI. TOT. ENVIR
Studio delle condizioni di instabilitĂ del versante meridionale del Vulcano Irazu (Costa Rica, America Centrale)
Fluid geochemistry and geothermometry in the unexploited geothermal field of the Vicano-Cimino volcanic district (central Italy)
The VicanoâCimino Volcanic District (VCVD) is related to the post-orogenic magmatic activity of the peri-
Tyrrhenian sector of Central Italy. The chemical and isotopic compositions of 333 water discharges and 25 gas
emissions indicate the occurrence of two main sources: 1) cold Ca-HCO3 to Ca(Na, K)-HCO3 type waters from
relatively shallow aquifers hosted in volcanic and sedimentary formations; and 2) thermal Ca-SO4(HCO3) type
waters located in a deep CO2-pressurized reservoir, hosted in carbonateâevaporite rocks and separated from
the shallow aquifers by thick sequences of low-permeability formations. Carbon dioxide is mainly produced by
thermal metamorphic decarbonation within the deepest and hottest parts of the carbonateâevaporite reservoir
(ÎŽ13CâCO2 fromâ3.1 to+2.2â°vs. VPDB), likely affected by a mantle-rooted CO2. ReleaseofCO2-rich gases from
the deep aquifer into the overlying shallow aquifers produces high-CO2 springs and bubbling pools. The spatial
distribution of thermal waters and CO2-rich cold discharges is strongly controlled by fractures and faults located
in correspondencewith buried structural highs. Stable isotopes (ÎŽD and ÎŽ18O) suggest thatmeteoric water feeds
both the shallowand deep reservoirs. The relatively lowR/Ra values (0.27â1.19) indicate that He ismainly deriving
from a crustal source, with minor component from the mantle affected by crustal contamination related to
the subduction of the Adriatic plate. Consistently, relatively high N2/Ar and N2/3He ratios and positive ÎŽ15NâN2
values (from0.91 to 5.7â°vs. air) characterize the VCVD gas discharges, suggesting the occurrence of a significant
âexcessâ nitrogen. Isotopic compositions of CH4 (ÎŽ13CâCH4 and ÎŽDâCH4 values fromâ28.9 toâ22.1â°vs. VPDB
and from â176 to â138â° vs. VSMOW, respectively), and composition of light alkanes are indicative of prevalent
thermogenic CH4, although the occurrence of abiogenic CH4 production cannot be excluded. The ÎŽ34SâH2S
values (from+9.3 to+11.4â°vs. VCDT) are consistentwith the hypothesis of H2S production fromthermogenic
reduction of Triassic anhydrites. Gas geothermometry in the H2OâH2âArâH2S system suggests that the VCVD
gases equilibrated in a liquid phase at redox conditions controlled by interactions of fluids with the local mineral
assemblage at temperatures lower (b200 °C) than that andmeasured in deep (N2000 m) geothermalwells. This
confirms that secondary processes, i.e. steam condensation, gas dissolution in shallow aquifers, re-equilibration
at lower temperature, and microbial activity, significantly affect the chemistry of the uprising fluids. Thermal
water chemistry supports the occurrence in this area of an anomalous heat flowthat, coupledwith the recent demographic
growth, makes this site suitable for direct and indirect exploitation of the geothermal resource, in
agreement with the preliminary surveys carried out in the 1970'sâ1990's for geothermal exploration purposes
Fluid geochemistry and geothermometry in the unexploited geothermal field of the Vicano-Cimino volcanic district (central Italy)
The VicanoâCimino Volcanic District (VCVD) is related to the post-orogenic magmatic activity of the peri-
Tyrrhenian sector of Central Italy. The chemical and isotopic compositions of 333 water discharges and 25 gas
emissions indicate the occurrence of two main sources: 1) cold Ca-HCO3 to Ca(Na, K)-HCO3 type waters from
relatively shallow aquifers hosted in volcanic and sedimentary formations; and 2) thermal Ca-SO4(HCO3) type
waters located in a deep CO2-pressurized reservoir, hosted in carbonateâevaporite rocks and separated from
the shallow aquifers by thick sequences of low-permeability formations. Carbon dioxide is mainly produced by
thermal metamorphic decarbonation within the deepest and hottest parts of the carbonateâevaporite reservoir
(ÎŽ13CâCO2 fromâ3.1 to+2.2â°vs. VPDB), likely affected by a mantle-rooted CO2. ReleaseofCO2-rich gases from
the deep aquifer into the overlying shallow aquifers produces high-CO2 springs and bubbling pools. The spatial
distribution of thermal waters and CO2-rich cold discharges is strongly controlled by fractures and faults located
in correspondencewith buried structural highs. Stable isotopes (ÎŽD and ÎŽ18O) suggest thatmeteoric water feeds
both the shallowand deep reservoirs. The relatively lowR/Ra values (0.27â1.19) indicate that He ismainly deriving
from a crustal source, with minor component from the mantle affected by crustal contamination related to
the subduction of the Adriatic plate. Consistently, relatively high N2/Ar and N2/3He ratios and positive ÎŽ15NâN2
values (from0.91 to 5.7â°vs. air) characterize the VCVD gas discharges, suggesting the occurrence of a significant
âexcessâ nitrogen. Isotopic compositions of CH4 (ÎŽ13CâCH4 and ÎŽDâCH4 values fromâ28.9 toâ22.1â°vs. VPDB
and from â176 to â138â° vs. VSMOW, respectively), and composition of light alkanes are indicative of prevalent
thermogenic CH4, although the occurrence of abiogenic CH4 production cannot be excluded. The ÎŽ34SâH2S
values (from+9.3 to+11.4â°vs. VCDT) are consistentwith the hypothesis of H2S production fromthermogenic
reduction of Triassic anhydrites. Gas geothermometry in the H2OâH2âArâH2S system suggests that the VCVD
gases equilibrated in a liquid phase at redox conditions controlled by interactions of fluids with the local mineral
assemblage at temperatures lower (b200 °C) than that andmeasured in deep (N2000 m) geothermalwells. This
confirms that secondary processes, i.e. steam condensation, gas dissolution in shallow aquifers, re-equilibration
at lower temperature, and microbial activity, significantly affect the chemistry of the uprising fluids. Thermal
water chemistry supports the occurrence in this area of an anomalous heat flowthat, coupledwith the recent demographic
growth, makes this site suitable for direct and indirect exploitation of the geothermal resource, in
agreement with the preliminary surveys carried out in the 1970'sâ1990's for geothermal exploration purposes.Published96-1145A. Energia e georisorseJCR Journalrestricte
Mass movement hazard at Irazu volcano (Costa Rica): the Rio Reventado debris avalanche case study
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