Chemistry of the older supracrustals of Archaean age around Sargur

In the Archaeans of the Karnataka craton two stratigraphically distinct volcano-sedimentary sequences occur, namely the older supracrustals of the Sargur type and the younger Dharwar greenstones. The dividing line between these is the 3 by old component of the Peninsular gneiss. The trace and rare earth element chemistry of the Sargur metasediments show, in general, marked similarity to the Archaean sediments. The significant departures are in the nickel and chromium abundances. The REE data of the Sargur pelites of the Terakanambi region represented by Silli-gt-bio-feldspar schists and paragneisses show LREE enrichment and flat to depleted HREE pattern. Banded iron formations have very low REE abundance. They show slightly enriched LREE and flat to depleted HREE pattern. REE abundance in the Mn-horizons is comparable to that of the Archaean sediments. Mn-horizons show enriched LREE and flat HREE with anamolous Eu. REE patterns of these bands is well evolved and has similarities with PAAS

Nonlinear Control Concepts for a UA

A reconfigurable flight control method is developed to be implemented on an Unmanned Aircraft (UA), a thirty percent scale model of the Cessna 150. This paper presents the details of the UA platform, system identification, reconfigurable controller design, development, and implementation on the UA to analyze the performance metrics. A Crossbow Inertial Measurement Unit provides the roll, pitch, and yaw accelerations and rates along with the roll and pitch. The 100-400 mini-air data boom from SpaceAge Control provides the airspeed, altitude, angle of attack, and the side slip angles. System identification is accomplished by commanding preprogrammed inputs to the control surfaces and correlating the corresponding variations at the outputs. A Single Network Adaptive Critic, which is a neural network-based optimal controller, is developed as part of a nonlinear flight control system. An online learning neural network is augmented to form an outer loop to reconfigure and supplement the optimal controller to guarantee a practical stability for the airplane. This paper also presents some simulations from the hardware-in-the-loop testing and concludes with an analysis of the flight performance metrics for the controller under investigation

Development and Implementation of New Nonlinear Control Concepts for a UA

A reconfigurable flight control method is developed to be implemented on an Unmanned Aircraft (UA), a thirty percent scale model of the Cessna 150. This paper presents the details of the UAV platform, system identification, reconfigurable controller design, development, and implementation on the UA to analyze the performance metrics. A Crossbow Inertial Measurement Unit provides the roll, pitch and yaw accelerations and rates along with the roll and pitch. The 100400 mini-air data boom from spaceage control provides the airspeed, altitude, angle of attack and the side slip angles. System identification is accomplished by commanding preprogrammed inputs to the control surfaces and correlating the corresponding variations at the outputs. A Single Network Adaptive Critic, which is a neural network based optimal controller, is developed as part of a nonlinear flight control system. An online learning neural network is augmented to form an outer loop to reconfigure and supplement the optimal controller to guarantee a practical stability for the airplane. This paper also presents some simulations from the hardware-in-the-loop testing and concludes with an analysis of the flight performance metrics for the controller under investigation

Belt and Road Initiative 2.0 : 'qualitatively' different

For more about the East-West Center, see http://www.eastwestcenter.org/N. Janardhan, Senior Research Fellow, Gulf-Asia Programme, Emirates Diplomatic Academy, explains that "While the U.S-led [Marshall Plan] was valued at $13 billion in 1950 (equivalent of$176 billion as of 2015), BRI is estimated to be worth over $1 trillion.

Single phase transformerless inverter for grid connected photovoltaic system with reduced leakage current

Introduction. Transformerless inverters are of vital importance in the field of grid connected solar photovoltaic systems offering higher efficiency than the conventional one. i.e., using transformer. General grid connected inverters are constituting of transformers requires more area besides the loss in them.  Problem. Eliminating transformers can cause leakage current due to the variation of common mode voltage which in turn due to parasitic capacitance effect. Research literature in transformerless inverters has addressed the problems of common mode leakage current issues by offering the study of different inverter topologies like H4, H5, H6 and HERIC etc. utilizing variety of modulation strategies like unipolar, bipolar pulse width modulations. Goal. The paper significantly presents a new transformerless inverter topology, analyzes common mode voltage and leakage current behavior of the system. The simulation is carried out for comparing the leakage current profiles with other transformerless inverter topologies in literature. Novelty. This paper gives an impression of the efficient transformerless inverter for grid connected photovoltaic system. Results. The various inverter topologies full bridge with different pulse width modulation techniques are analyzed and to determine the common mode voltages and leakage currents.Вступ. Безтрансформаторні інвертори мають життєво важливе значення в області сонячних фотоелектричних систем, підключених до мережі, та забезпечують більш високу ефективність, ніж звичайні, завдяки трансформатору. Підключені до загальної мережі інвертори, які складаються з трансформаторів, потребують більшої площі через втрати у них. Проблема. Усунення трансформаторів може спричинити струм витоку через зміну синфазної напруги через вплив паразитної ємності. Дослідницька література з безтрансформаторних інверторів присвячена проблемам синфазних струмів витоку, пропонуючи дослідження різних топологій інверторів, таких як H4, H5, H6, HERIC та ін., з використанням різних стратегій модуляції, таких як уніполярна, біполярна широтно-імпульсна. Мета. У статті докладно подано нову топологію безтрансформаторного інвертора, проаналізовано поведінку синфазної напруги та струму витоку в системі. Моделювання проводиться для порівняння профілів струму витоку з іншими топологіями безтрансформаторних інверторів, описаних у літературі. Новизна. Ця стаття містить ефективний безтрансформаторний інвертор для фотоелектричної системи, підключеної до мережі. Результати. Проаналізовано різні топології інверторів з повним мостом та різними методами широтно-імпульсної модуляції, а також визначено синфазну напругу та струми витоку

DESIGN OPTIMIZATION AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE BLOWER FOR FLUFFS COLLECTION SYSTEM

Centrifugal fans play an important role in the fluffs collection system for industrial cleaner. Therefore it has become necessary to study on the parameters which influences the performance of the blower. Parameters chosen for optimization are - fan outer diameter, number of blades and fan blade angle. Taguchi’s orthogonal array method helps to find out the optimum number of cases and the modelling has been carried out using SOLIDWORKS. ICEM CFD is used for meshing the blowers and analysed using FLUENT. In this study, analytical results are compared with experimental values. ANOVA is used to find out the percentage contribution of parameters on the output. Using Minitab software the optimum combination is identified. The result shows that the optimum combinations are 190 mm outer diameter, 80° blade angle and 8 numbers of blades

Pattern of diabetic foot - presentation and complications in rural Indian population

Background: Foot ulcer is one of the most common and deadest complications of diabetes mellitus. This is also a frequent cause of hospitalization and disability. Most of the patients with diabetic foot ulcers living in developing countries present to healthcare facilities fairly late with advanced foot ulcers because of poor economic status, inadequate knowledge of self-care, sociocultural reasons and poor and inadequate diabetes healthcare.Methods: A prospective study was conducted in the department of Surgery, JNMC Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha of DMIMS (DU) with the aim to evaluate the pattern of distribution of foot ulcers in diabetic foot patients and related complications. We enrolled 30 diabetic patients in the study, of these 21 (70%) were males and 9 (30%) were females with male to female ratio 2.33.  Results: The mean age of presentation was 52.93 ± 14.10 and the mean duration of diabetes was 8.20 ± 10.06. The maximum numbers of lesion was present in the region of second to fifth metatarsal (53.33%), followed by heel (26.66%) and great toe (10%). Maximum patients 9 (30%) had grade II lesions as per Wagner’s classification and 12 (40%) had II B as per University of Texas diabetic wound classification. Associated deformity was present in 36.66%, insensitivity to the 5.07 S-W monofilaments in 56.66%, impaired vibration in 43.33%, and abnor­mal Achilles tendon reflex in 40%. Ankle–brachial index <0.8 was present in 33.33%. Only 13.33% patients were using customized footwear whereas 46.66% were walking barefoot, the difference was statistically significant P = 0.0027.Conclusion: The health education to promote Knowledge, Attitude, Behavior and Practice (KABP) is essential to prevent diabetes associated foot complications.

Microscopic Analysis of Carbon Nano tubes based Metal Matrix Composite

These days significant waste metal scrap is generated during the machining operations such as grinding, milling, shaping, forging etc. This waste/scrap is big challenge for the industry due to environmental litigation, such as in grinding industry the scarp contain organic and inorganic compounds. Thus, for reprocessing of this grinding waste will be difficult and it also crate environmental problems.  Current work focus to reuse and produce a value added product from the grinding waste. The Powder Injection Molding (PIM) approach used to create the value added product from the grinding waste. As the PIM product will be inferior in terms of mechanical properties, Carbon Nanotubes are added to improve the mechanical properties. To test the microscopic analysis of the PIM products are tested with SEM and it is observed that the PIM products are porous in nature. The hardness testing suggests that the PIM product will have higher harness number with less porosity

INFLUENCE OF INJECTOR OPENING PRESSURE ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN DI DIESEL ENGINE WITH THREE LEVELS OF INSULATION WITH DIESEL OPERATION

ABSTRACT Experiments were conducted to study exhaust emissions of direct injection (DI) diesel engine with different levels of low heat rejection (LHR) combustion chamber such as i) ceramic coated cylinder head, ii) air gap insulated piston and air gap insulated liner and iii) ceramic coated cylinder head along with air gap insulation with pure diesel operation with varied injector opening pressure. Exhaust emissions of particulate emissions and oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) were determined at various values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine. Particulate emissions were measured by AVL Smoke meter, while NO x by Netel Chromatograph NO x analyzer. Engine with different versions of the combustion chamber showed comparable particulate emissions, while they increased NO x emissions drastically at full load operation of the engine, when compared with conventional engine. Engine with air gap insulated piston and air gap insulated liner showed lower NO x levels at 80% of the full load operation. However, exhaust emissions reduced with an increase of injector opening pressure with different versions of the combustion chamber

Solar Polar Fields During Cycles 21 --- 23: Correlation with Meridional Flows

We have examined polar magnetic fields for the last three solar cycles, {$\it{viz.}$}, cycles 21, 22 and 23 using NSO Kitt Peak synoptic magnetograms. In addition, we have used SoHO/MDI magnetograms to derive the polar fields during cycle 23. Both Kitt Peak and MDI data at high latitudes (78${^{\circ}}$--90${^{\circ}}$) in both solar hemispheres show a significant drop in the absolute value of polar fields from the late declining phase of the solar cycle 22 to the maximum of the solar cycle 23. We find that long term changes in the absolute value of the polar field, in cycle 23, is well correlated with changes in meridional flow speeds that have been reported recently. We discuss the implication of this in influencing the extremely prolonged minimum experienced at the start of the current cycle 24 and in forecasting the behaviour of future solar cycles.Comment: 4 Figures 11 pages; Revised version under review in Solar Physic