Eukaryotic translation initiation machinery can operate in a prokaryotic-like mode without eIF2

Unlike prokaryotes, a specialized eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2), in the form of the ternary complex eIF2*GTP*Met-tRNAiMet is utilized to deliver the initiator tRNA to the ribosome within all eukaryotic cells1. Phosphorylation of eIF2 is known to be central to the global regulation of protein synthesis under stress conditions and infection2. Another distinctive feature of eukaryotic translation is scanning of mRNA 5'-leaders, whose origin in evolution may be relevant to the appearance of eIF2 in eukaryotes. Translation initiation on the hepatitis C virus (HCV) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) occurs without scanning3,4. Whether these unique features of the HCV IRES account for the formation of the final 80S initiation complex is unknown. Here we show that the HCV IRES-directed translation can occur without either eIF2 or its GTPase activating protein eIF5. In addition to the general eIF2- and eIF5-dependent pathway of 80S complex assembly, the HCV IRES makes use of a prokaryotic-like pathway which involves eIF5B, the analogue of bacterial IF25,6, instead of eIF2. This switch from a eukaryotic-like mode of AUG selection to a "bacterial" one occurs when eIF2 is inactivated by phosphorylation, a way with which host cells counteract infection. The relative resistance of HCV IRES-directed translation to eIF2 phosphorylation may represent one more line of defense used by this virus against host antiviral responses and can contribute to the well known resistance of HCV to interferon based therapy

Identification and adaptation of the Russian system of ownership relations into the modern world’s legal and economic spaces

Purpose: A provision has been made regarding the Russian system of ownership and its insufficient harmonization with similar systems adopted in developed countries, which also have significant drawbacks. The complex task has been set from its rationalization as such and counters rational harmonization with the systems of the leading countries in the world. Design/Methodology/Approach: The conceptual structure of the system of ownership relations has been introduced for this purpose. It is like the conceptual basis of complex systems engineering, economic, and legal interpretations of the processor (the mechanism), the implementation of static and dynamic relations of persons and objects in the civil economic space. Findings: This concept is based on the introduction of a special class of structurally and procedurally typed systems that are given the character of the vocabulary of the metalinguistic converged description of the verbal processor for manipulating persons in relation to objects and the verbal dependence of these objects on these persons. Practical Implications: A conceptual approach to its rationalization and harmonization has been formed based on the idea of a unified global structure of representing the system of ownership relations. Originality/Value: Argued the estimation of the low quality of the modern Russian system of ownership relations (another used term – property relations) and its normative legal representation.peer-reviewe

Conceptual idea to optimize institutional typological series of organization and legal forms of legal entities

The concept of a legal entity’s organization and form is introduced in a meaningful aspect. The existing typology of Russian enterprises/firms as legal entities in its organization and forms’ context with an emphasis on commercial organizations is given. There are defined priority discriminatory aspects of the Russian enterprises’ organization and legal form, that means for commercial organization. An assessment is made regarding the applied intuitive-empirical method of these subjects of juridical relations’ organization and legal forms existing typology forming and, accordingly, its non-optimization by the set and institutional characteristics. The conceptual idea to transit in the direction to optimized institutional series of the enterprises’ organization and legal forms is formulated. A general methodological scheme for forming of the optimized institutional series of them is proposed

Methodology based on coordinate mode principle for interfacing of management systems in case of complex organizational and economic separations

The problem of interface of managing systems in relation to organizational and economic objects-economic entities of legal relations functioning in modern conditions is considered. It is shown that in this conjugation there can be situations with one-level and poly-level organizational separations from sets of different subject dimensions. However, in all cases of coupling, management innovations must be introduced to support the harmonization of interfaced managing systems in a number of aspects. Conceptual versions of interface of managing systems are considered. It is proved that in any case, a certain integration managing super-system is subject to introduction. The methodological expediency of applying the principle of co-ordination to ensure appropriate polysubject self-government with access to the specific typology of optimization problems of integrated managerial decisions is substantiated. The issue of accounting for different levels of intelligence of interfaced managing systems is discussed

Exact static solutions for discrete ϕ4\phi^4 models free of the Peierls-Nabarro barrier: Discretized first integral approach

We propose a generalization of the discrete Klein-Gordon models free of the Peierls-Nabarro barrier derived in Nonlinearity {\bf 12}, 1373 (1999) and Phys. Rev. E {\bf 72}, 035602(R) (2005), such that they support not only kinks but a one-parameter set of exact static solutions. These solutions can be obtained iteratively from a two-point nonlinear map whose role is played by the discretized first integral of the static Klein-Gordon field, as suggested in J. Phys. A {\bf 38}, 7617 (2005). We then discuss some discrete $\phi^4$ models free of the Peierls-Nabarro barrier and identify for them the full space of available static solutions, including those derived recently in Phys. Rev. E {\bf 72} 036605 (2005) but not limited to them. These findings are also relevant to standing wave solutions of discrete nonlinear Schr{\"o}dinger models. We also study stability of the obtained solutions. As an interesting aside, we derive the list of solutions to the continuum $\phi^4$ equation that fill the entire two-dimensional space of parameters obtained as the continuum limit of the corresponding space of the discrete models.Comment: Accepted for publication in PRE; the M/S has been revised in line with the referee repor