Review of Solar Energetic Particle Prediction Models

Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events are interesting from a scientific perspective as they are the product of a broad set of physical processes from the corona out through the extent of the heliosphere, and provide insight into processes of particle acceleration and transport that are widely applicable in astrophysics. From the operations perspective, SEP events pose a radiation hazard for aviation, electronics in space, and human space exploration, in particular for missions outside of the Earth’s protective magnetosphere including to the Moon and Mars. Thus, it is critical to improve the scientific understanding of SEP events and use this understanding to develop and improve SEP forecasting capabilities to support operations. Many SEP models exist or are in development using a wide variety of approaches and with differing goals. These include computationally intensive physics-based models, fast and light empirical models, machine learning-based models, and mixed-model approaches. The aim of this paper is to summarize all of the SEP models currently developed in the scientific community, including a description of model approach, inputs and outputs, free parameters, and any published validations or comparisons with data

Duplex surface modification of tool steel - deposition of a WN film and subsequent electron-beam modification

Abstract In this study, we demonstrate a combined treatment technique of R18 high-speed tool steel comprising deposition of a WN coating followed by electron-beam surface treatment (EBT). In order to understand the influence of the deposited WN coating on the resultant structure and properties, an uncoated specimen was directly electron-beam treated under the same EBT technological conditions. The structure of the specimens was studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The microhardness was also investigated. The phase composition consisted of a double phase structure of Fe and M6C carbides in both cases. The microstructure was significantly finer in the case of an EBT of the steel with WN coating, leading to a much higher microhardness in comparison with the case without WN.</jats:p

Formation and characterization of CuO coatings deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering

Abstract In this work, CuO coatings were deposited on 304 L stainless steel substrates by reactive magnetron sputtering. During the process, the substrate temperature was varied in the range from 100 °C to 400 °C. The crystallographic structure of the samples thus prepared was characterized by X-ray diffraction, and the results are discussed with respect to the technological conditions applied. It was found that the phase composition of the deposited CuO coatings is in the form of a monoclinic crystal structure. Also, the growth of the coatings was accompanied by a change in the orientation of the crystallites from (022) to (110) and a decrease in the concentration of imperfections.</jats:p