Enhancement of Protein and Pigment Content in Two Chlorella Species Cultivated on Industrial Process Water

Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Chlorella vulgaris were cultivated in pre-gasified industrial process water with high concentration of ammonia representing effluent from a local biogas plant. The study aimed to investigate the effects of growth media and cultivation duration on the nutritional composition of biomass. Variations in proteins, lipid, fatty acid composition, amino acids, tocopherols, and pigments were studied. Both species grew well in industrial process water. The contents of proteins were affected significantly by the growth media and cultivation duration. Microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa produced the highest concentrations of protein (65.2% ± 1.30% DW) while Chlorella vulgaris accumulated extremely high concentrations of lutein and chlorophylls (7.14 ± 0.66 mg/g DW and 32.4 ± 1.77 mg/g DW, respectively). Cultivation of Chlorella species in industrial process water is an environmentally friendly, sustainable bioremediation method with added value biomass production and resource valorization, since the resulting biomass also presented a good source of proteins, amino acids, and carotenoids for potential use in aquaculture feed industry

Wounds in chronic leg oedema

Wounds and chronic oedema are common disorders, but rarely studied together. The objective of this cross‐sectional study was to investigate the point‐prevalence and risk factors of wounds on the leg, in chronic leg oedema. Forty sites in nine countries were included. Of 7077 patients with chronic leg oedema, 12.70% had wounds. Independent risk factors were: peripheral arterial disease (odds ratio (OR) 4.87, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 3.63‐6.52), cellulitis within the past 12 months (OR 2.69, 95% CI 2.25‐3.21), secondary lymphoedema (OR 2.64, 95% CI 1.93‐3.60), being male (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.78‐2.44), being over 85 years of age (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.23‐2.62), underweight (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.14‐2.79), bed bound (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.01‐3.16), chair bound (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.18‐1.97), diabetes (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.23‐1.77), and walking with aid (OR 1·41, 95% CI 1.17‐1.69). 43.22% of those with wounds had clinically defined well‐controlled oedema, associated with a significantly lower risk of wounds (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.42‐0.58, P < .001). Hard/fibrotic tissue (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.19‐2.48), and a positive Stemmers sign (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.05‐2.35) were associated with wounds. The study reinforces the importance of measures to control oedema, as controlled swelling was associated with a 50% lower risk of wounds