73 research outputs found
Mitotic activity of keratinocytes in regeneration and tissue homestasis
Despite decades of research, the exact regulation of epidermal development and homeostasis remains elusive. Proliferation in the epidermis is controversially discussed and knowledge is mostly derived from studies of mouse skin. However, it is well established that mouse and human skin differ regarding anatomy and likely also proliferative regulation. To address this question, mitoses were systematically assessed in a long-term human fibroblast-derived matrix-based skin equivalent (fdmSE). Keratinocytes in our fdmSE divided in 4 different ways: horizontal, oblique, or perpendicular to the basement membrane (BM) or suprabasally. The largest proportion of divisions occurred in horizontal orientation (< 80 %) at all time points. The second most common division type was oblique division (< 50 %). Perpendicular divisions were found at a low frequency (< 20 %) at intermediate time points only. They were absent at early and late time points. Thus, it appears that in the human interfollicular epidermis (IFE) all types of divisions are active. Importantly, we also observed suprabasal mitoses present at all analysed time points in the SE. Suprabasal division in epidermis has so far been restricted to embryogenesis, wound healing and diseased skin. We could confirm that it is also part of the normal human epidermis in situ thus suggesting that this spatial mitotic organisation is part of tissue homeostasis in human epidermis. These cells are in an early stage of differentiation as suggested by their expression of keratin 10 with a connection to the BM still detectable in some cases.
Furthermore, we aimed at investigating asymmetric cell division in the IFE. To maintain the delicate interplay between self-renewal and differentiation, progenitor cells have to divide asymmetrically. Differential daughter cell fate can be established in two ways: oriented division which displaces one daughter cell from the stem cell niche, or asymmetric distribution of cell fate determinants to the daughter cells. Several components of oriented division have been proposed in invertebrate and vertebrate systems including the PAR-complex, or the adaptor proteins NuMA, Inscuteable and LGN. However, antibodies available for those proteins did not allow detecting these markers here. Instead, we identified the Notch inhibitor Numb as a possible marker for asymmetric keratinocyte division. Numb was segregated asymmetrically during some divisions of the human keratinocytes in 2D cultures. To determine its function, we established a protocol to stably knock down Numb in the human keratinocytes using CRISPR/Cas9. Notably, Numb deletion did not affect proliferation in short term culture (14 days), suggesting that it is not essential for mitosis per se. Instead, Numb may be important for the regulation of cell fate in epidermal regeneration, a question that needs to be addressed in future studies
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A procedure for rapid determination of the silicon content in plant materials
An efficient, reliable and low-cost procedure to determine the silicon content in plant material is presented which allows to monitor the agricultural aspects like growth and yield. The presented procedure consists of a hydrochloric acid pre-treatment and a subsequent thermal oxidation. The method is compared to other processes like dissolution in hydrofluoric acid combined with ICP OES, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF) or aqua regia treatment
An explanation for the mysterious distribution of melanin in human skin â a rare example of asymmetric (melanin) organelle distribution during mitosis of basal layer progenitor keratinocytes
YesBackground: Melanin is synthesized by melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis. When transferred to surrounding keratinocytes it is the key UVR-protective biopolymer responsible for skin pigmentation. Most melanin is observable in the proliferative basal layer of the epidermis, and only sparsely distributed in the stratifying/differentiating epidermis. The latter has been explained, despite formal evidence, to âmelanin degradationâ in supra-basal layers.
Objectives: Our aim was to re-evaluate this currently-accepted basis for melanin distribution in the human skin epidermis, and whether this pattern is altered after a regenerative stimulus.
Methods: Normal epidermis of adult human skin, at rest and after tape-stripping, was analysed by a range of (immuno)histochemical and high-resolution microscopy techniques. In vitro models of melanin granule uptake by human keratinocytes were attempted.
Results: We propose a wholly different fate for melanin in the human epidermis. Our evidence indicates that the bulk of melanin is inherited only by the non-differentiating daughter cell post mitosis in progenitor keratinocytes, via asymmetric organelle inheritance. Moreover, this preferred pattern of melanin distribution can switch to a symmetric or equal daughter cell inheritance mode under conditions of stress including regeneration.
Conclusions: We provide in this preliminary report a plausible and histologically-supportable explanation for how human skin pigmentation is efficiently organized in the epidermis. Steady state epidermis pigmentation may involve much less redox-sensitive melanogenesis than previously thought, and at least some pre-made melanin may be available for re-use. The epidermal-melanin unit may be an excellent example to study organelle distribution via asymmetric or symmetric inheritance in response to micro-environment and tissue demands.Walgreens Boots Allianc
The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts
Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of
alien species. Existing global databases of speciesâ threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project â and avert â future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups â including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems â www.predicts.org.uk).We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015
The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts
Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures
such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of
alien species. Existing global databases of speciesâ threat status or population
time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with
broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of
a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of
historical declines and to project â and avert â future declines. We describe and
assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing
over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of
local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic
pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains
measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35)
biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains
more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than
1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups â including flowering
plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans
and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is
therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used
by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database
is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses
of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems â www.predicts.org.uk).
We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database
will be publicly available in 2015
Modellierung und Bewertung des Off-Design Verhaltens von Verdampfern in der Triebwerksvorauslegung
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Beitrag zur Untersuchung von Gasturbinen mit Dampfeinspritzung geleistet, die als neuartige Antriebskonzepte den Umwelteinfluss von Luftfahrttriebwerken verringern sollen. Dabei existieren bereits numerische Rechenprogramme, welche eine Auslegung der Abhitzedampferzeugerkomponente dieser Maschinen gewĂ€hrleisten können. Allerdings ist deren Rechendauer zu groĂ, um in der Performancerechnung integriert zu werden.
Deswegen ist ein schnelles und verlÀssliches Modell zur Abbildung des Betriebsverhaltens des Verdampfers in der Leistungsrechnung entwickelt worden. Dieses analytische,
niedrigdimensionale Modell fur RohrbĂŒndelwĂ€rmeubertrager basiert auf der P-NTU Berechnungsmethode, sowie auf WĂ€rmeubergangs- und Druckverlustkorrelationen, welche durch die Ergebnisse von durchgefuhrten Parameterstudien verknĂŒpft und angepasst worden sind. Die erforderlichen AusgangsgröĂen zur Berechnung der ZielgröĂen, das heiĂt des WĂ€rmestromes und der Druckverluste der beteiligten Prozessfluide, sind auf wenige Geometrieparameter, sowie die thermodynamischen EintrittsgröĂen und die Ergebnisse der Auslegungsrechnung reduziert worden.
Die Genauigkeit des Modells ist durch Literaturdaten und Vergleichsrechnungen eines höherauflösenden Modells uberprĂŒft worden. Daher konnte anhand des Modells zuverlĂ€ssig gezeigt werden, dass die Auslegung des Verdampfers die Effizienz und die kritischen BetriebszustĂ€nde einer Gasturbine mit Dampfeinspritzung maĂgeblich beeinflusst. AuĂerdem sind in Randgebieten der Betriebsbereiche EinschrĂ€nkungen in der Modellierungsgenauigkeit der WĂ€rmeubertragungsfĂ€higkeit, sowie der Druckverluste identifiziert worden. Letztere sind auf die Verwendung von gemittelten Temperaturen zur Berechnung der benötigten ZustandsgröĂen zuruckgefĂŒhrt worden
Effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the diversity of cryptogamic epiphytes (lichens, bryophytes) in mountain forest of southern Ecuador
Kryptogamische Epiphyten (Flechten und Moose) prÀgen
den Aspekt der tropischen BergregenwÀlder durch hohe
Abundanz und Artenvielfalt und ĂŒbernehmen gleichzeitig
wichtige Funktionen innerhalb des Ăkosystems als
NĂ€hrstoffspeicher und Habitat verschiedener Organismen.
Diese WĂ€lder unterliegen in zunehmendem MaĂe
menschlicher Nutzung, verbunden mit Waldverlusten in
bedrohlichem Umfang. Das AusmaĂ der Entwaldung auf die
epiphytische KryptogamendiversitÀt ist bislang jedoch
noch sehr wenig erforscht.Im Rahmen des multidisziplinÀren DFG-Projektes
FunktionalitÀt in einem tropischen Bergregenwald:
DiversitÀt, dynamische Prozesse und Nutzungspotentiale
unter ökosystemaren Gesichtspunkten wurde die
epiphytische Flechten- und MoosdiversitÀt in primÀrem
und 50 Jahre altem gestörten Bergregenwald sowie auf
freistehenden BĂ€umen auf Weideland auf ca. 1900 m im
Gebiet der Reserva BiolĂłgica San Francisco nahe Loja in
SĂŒdecuador untersucht. Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte zum
Ziel, aus einem Vergleich der DiversitÀtsmuster der
drei Habitattypen, Erkenntnisse zur StöranfÀlligkeit
der kryptogamischen Epiphytenvegetation durch
Waldauflichtung, zu ihrer RegenerationsfÀhigkeit durch
Entwaldung und Verwendbarkeit als Indikatoren zu
gewinnen. Es wurden insgesamt 30 BĂ€ume in drei
Habitattypen von der Stammbasis bis in die Ă€uĂere Krone
nach der Methode von Gradstein et al. (2003) erfasst.
Insgesamt wurden 1.039 Vegetationsaufnahmen von je 600
cm2 GröĂe durchgefĂŒhrt. Mit Hilfe von
Dataloggern wurden Lufttemperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit
pro Habitattyp in verschiedenen Wuchszonen ausgewÀhlter
BÀume in sieben Wochen wÀhrend der Trockenzeit
gemessen. AuĂerdem erfolgte die pH-Wertbestimmtung in
jeder Johanssonschen Zone pro Baum sowie die Bestimmung
der LichtintensitĂ€t 1,5 m ĂŒber dem Boden pro
Habitattyp.Entlang des Störungsgradienten wurden insgesamt 207
kryptogamische Epiphytenarten (112 Gattungen, 59
Familien) nachgewiesen. PrimÀrwald und gestörter Wald
wiesen etwa gleich hohe Gesamtartenzahlen
kryptogamischer Epiphyten auf. Eine reduzierte
GesamtdiversitÀt von 10% wurde lediglich auf
freistehenden BĂ€umen auf Weideland festgestellt.
Epiphytische Moose reagieren dabei besonders
empfindlich auf anthropogene Störungen: Im gestörten
Wald waren die Artenzahlen bei Moosen um ca. 10%, auf
freistehenden BĂ€umen um ca. 30% reduziert. Epiphytische
Flechten scheinen zunÀchst in Bezug auf die Artenzahlen
von Störungen zu profitieren: Die Artenzahlen im
gestörten Wald und auf freistehenden BÀumen waren im
Vergleich zum PrimÀrwald um ca. 10% erhöht.Arten mit hoher Stetigkeit in einem Habitat können
zur Bioindikation genutzt werden. Moose scheinen
bessere Indikatoren fĂŒr Störungen darzustellen als
Flechten. Es wird die Ratio Flechten zu Moosen als
nĂŒtzliches Mittel zur Charakterisierung des Grades
anthropogener Störungen in tropischen BergwÀldern
vorgeschlagen. Gleichzeitig wird auf den hohen
Indikatorwert der Wuchsformen hingewiesen, da diese im
GelÀnde einfacher als (Morpho)spezies zu identifizieren
sind. Die ökologische Spezialisierung der
kryptogamischen Epiphyten liefert schlieĂlich weitere
wichtige Informationen, um den Zustand eines Waldes und
dessen Störungsgrad zu bestimmen
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