School Principal\u27s Leadership Style and Teacher\u27s Self-Efficacy in High and Low Achieving Schools in Chikankata, Zambia

Problem and Purpose Much research has been done in past years on the topic of student achievement, with most of those studies focusing on factors that contribute to student achievement. Little, or no research has been done, especially in the country of Zambia, that has focused on the relationship between leadership style, teacher self-efficacy, and the extent to which these constructs impact student achievement. This study explored the school principals\u27 leadership style, teacher self-efficacy, and the extent to which these factors contribute to student achievement in Chikankata District, Zambia. The Ministry of Education in Zambia and other educators, especially those in training institutions, may use the results of this study to improve on school principals’ training and selection of school principals to maximize the impact of leadership style and teachers’ self-efficacy in student achievement. Method A quantitative and non-experimental design was utilized to collect data through a survey questionnaire from 18 school principals and 211 teachers from Chikankata District. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and the Teachers’ Self-efficacy Belief (TEBS) instruments were used to collect data. SPSS was used to analyze data. Bivariate descriptive, independent samples t-tests, canonical correlation, and descriptive discriminant function analysis were used to determine the relationship between leadership style, teacher self-efficacy, and their impact on student achievement. Findings The Chikankata District study showed that the school principals’ leadership style, particularly transformational and transactional, plays an essential role in influencing student achievement. Canonical correlation between teacher ratings of principal leadership styles and school performance suggests that about 9% of the variation in school performance may be accounted for by leadership styles. High-achieving schools were more likely to have high transformational leadership styles and lower transactional leadership styles, suggesting that schools where principals use higher levels of transformational leadership and lower levels of transactional leadership tend to be associated with high-achieving schools. This study, however, could not statistically establish that teacher self-efficacy played a role in the student achievement of the two sets of schools. Canonical correlation for function 1 suggested the perceived leadership styles explain about approximately 9% of the variance in teacher self-efficacy, meaning that about 9% of self-efficacy could be explained by leadership style. Not all three leadership styles explained or accounted for the 9% of self-efficacy, but rather principals with transformational and transactional leadership styles were more likely to influence teacher self-efficacy in enhancing student learning. Conclusion and Recommendations. The findings of the Chikankata District study suggest that those elected to school leadership as principals would enhance their ability to influence student performance if they used transformational leadership style more and lower transactional leadership. The use of the same leadership style would increase the influence on teacher self-efficacy. The Higher Education Authority and training institutions could consider including in their educational curriculum for teachers training them in transformational and transactional leadership style. District Education Board Secretaries and other personnel responsible for on-job-training programs for school leaders could include training those leaders in transformational and transactional leadership styles. Implementing these recommendations has the likelihood of increasing student achievement and teacher self-efficacy

Segregation and material flow along low aspect SAG mills

Includes bibliographical references.The significance of this study is primarily intended to provide better understanding of axial segregation and flow of particles along SAG mills. Additionally, the current SAG mill models developed using "short" Australian and North American style mills exposes inaccuracies when applied to predict the performance of "long" mills. Thus the results of this study are expected to be useful for improving modelling of long SAG mills. Several studies of radial and axial segregation in tumbling horizontal devices at laboratory-scale and a few on pilot-scale have been conducted in the past by various researchers. Recently, industrial-scale studies of axial segregation in kilns and dry milling, particularly in the cement industry have also been conducted. However, there seems to be no work reported and cited in the literature on axial segregation studies along SAG mills. Thus the lack of previous segregation research along SAG mills has exposed a knowledge gap in the subject

Copperbelt Feeder Road Projects

Good road infrastructure is cardinal in the promotion of viable economic activities. This is even more so for the agriculture sector which relies on the road network for transportation of agricultural inputs such as seed and fertilizer and produce to the markets. With the high incidence of poverty (78%) in rural areas, agriculture essentially holds the greatest potential to significantly reduce poverty. Good road infrastructure and network promotes efficiency and increased performance of the agriculture sector which in turn leads to increased production and income generation by the farmers. This also leads to increased food security not only for the household in rural areas but the nation at large. Improved agriculture performance and efficiency also helps in diversifying the economy from reliance on copper and cushions the economy from external shocks arising from the collapse of metal prices on the world market. Equally important is the fact that agriculture driven economic growth is more sustainable and equitable. To address the road infrastructure challenges faced by the agriculture sector on the Copperbelt province, the Government of the republic of Zambia contracted a loan amounting to US$14 million from the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (BADEA) and the Opec Fund for International Development (OFID) for the rehabilitation of forty feeder roads on the Copperbelt. BADEA provided US$8 million while OFID provided US$6 million. The project was to be co-funded by the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) which would contribute US$1 million. At the time of signing, the project was supposed to be executed by the Road Development Agency (RDA) within a period of three years.Good road infrastructure is cardinal in the promotion of viable economic activities. This is even more so for the agriculture sector which relies on the road network for transportation of agricultural inputs such as seed and fertilizer and produce to the markets. With the high incidence of poverty (78%) in rural areas, agriculture essentially holds the greatest potential to significantly reduce poverty. Good road infrastructure and network promotes efficiency and increased performance of the agriculture sector which in turn leads to increased production and income generation by the farmers. This also leads to increased food security not only for the household in rural areas but the nation at larg

A Training Program in Pastoral Responsibilities for Church Elders in Lusaka, Zambia

Problem. Elders in Lusaka mission districts, Zambia, perform pastoral duties because there are only four paid pastors in charge of over 35 organized churches and 20 companies. This presents a problem because the elders have no training in these tasks. Method. In this study a theological basis for lay participation in ministry was developed. A biblical study of the duties of church elders was pursued to ascertain the qualifications and duties of elders. A Seventh-day Adventist perspective on the duties and qualifications of elders was studied. A survey was conducted in Lusaka to find out from the pastors and the elders of local churches what their duties are and the areas in which they most need training. A workshop in three areas was developed in detail. Results. The results of the theological study for lay participation showed that lay people are qualified to participate in ministry because of the indwelling Holy Spirit who gives them spiritual gifts for ministry. The New Testament suggests that elders should be blameless and have believing families. Two major duties of elders identified in the Bible are shepherding the flock of God and teaching and preaching. The results of the survey conducted identified preaching and implementing annual church activities the most important tasks. How to prepare and preach Sabbath sermons were designated as the areas in greatest need of further training. Detailed lessons for a workshop were developed in these two. In addition to these two, a detailed lesson on spiritual formation for elders was developed. Conclusion. If elders take care of churches in the absence of pastors, they need all the training possible for them to perform their tasks satisfactorily

The Impact of Central Bank's intervention in the foreign exchange market on the Exchange Rate: The case of Zambia (1995-2008)

The central bank of Zambia called Bank of Zambia (BOZ) has, like many other central banks in both developing and developed economies, been from time to time intervening in the foreign exchange market by either purchasing or selling foreign exchange (mainly United States of America Dollars) to the market. Central banks have given a myriad of reasons for this particular behaviour. Chief among these and which is the focus of this paper is to smooth volatility or reverse a trend of the domestic currency in this case the kwacha. Despite central banks’ intervention activities in the foreign exchange markets, literature on the efficacy of these interventions in terms of impacting domestic currencies has remained controversial. While some strands of literature seem to suggest that such intervention has an impact on the currencies some literature disagrees. Early studies done in the 1980s suggest that intervention operations do not affect the exchange rate and if they do this effect is very small and only in the short run. More recent studies however, have found evidence of the effect on both the level and volatility of exchange rates. Further, recent studies focused on emerging market and developing countries have found strong evidence of the effect of central banks’ intervention operations in the foreign exchange market on exchange rates. This paper therefore examines the effect of the BOZ’s foreign currency market interventions on the level and volatility of the kwacha/ USD exchange rate between 1995 and 2008. In order to study the impact of interventions on the kwacha, the paper uses monthly data (both sales and purchases) on foreign exchange intervention and employs the GARCH (1, 1) and Exponential GARCH frameworks to model volatility. The results from GARCH model suggest that sales of foreign exchange in this case the $causes the exchange rate to appreciate while purchases of the$ cause the exchange rate to depreciate. As for the impact on volatility, the GARCH (1, 1) model reveals that BOZ interventions increase volatility. Empirical results from the EGARCH model on the other hand suggest that both sales and purchases of $ cause the exchange rate to appreciate. The results on the impact of intervention on volatility are mixed though generally intervention appears to be increasing volatility.foreign exchange intervention, Bank of Zambia, EGARCH

Investigating trade theory in the case of the Zambian soya value chain

Thesis (M.Com. (Development Theory and Policy))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, School of Economic and Business Sciences.This research paper analyses the Zambian soya bean value chain and serves to explore and investigate to what extent trade theory can be used to explain this value chain. Soya bean production in Zambia has grown vastly within the last four years, owing to this growth, Zambia has instantly become a net exporter of soya bean cake. Most of the soya bean cake produced is consumed within the country. The animal feed industry utilises a large percentage of the soya cake in order to produce animal feed for the poultry sector predominantly. The growth in the soya industry has created various linkages for example the poultry industry which is a growing industry owing to amongst other factors, the growth in the Zambian middle class. This research aims to explore the constraints, challenges and drivers of this value chain. Trade theory is used in order to explain the value chain and capture the limitations of theory in relation to the Zambian soya bean value chain. The research paper uses both a qualitative and quantitative methodology. Interviews were used to source information and quantitative data was collected from various platform

The determinants of the South African financial cycle

Abstract : Since the 2007/8 global financial crisis, common factors such as low and protracted global interest rates may have sustained rising debt levels in emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) like South Africa. This mini-dissertation attempts to characterise the South African financial cycle so as to determine the role of common global factors that potentially drive South African debt levels. First, the South African credit-to-GDP gap is constructed using the Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter to determine the role of private sector credit frictions in generating domestic credit procyclicality. Next, a dynamic factor model is used to characterise the South African financial cycle with 13 macro-financial variables from 1980 to 2016. The South African financial cycle is then decomposed to determine the driving forces, and then compared to the Miranda-Aggripino and Rey (2018) global financial cycle and the VIX, to disentangle the effects of common global from idiosyncratic factors. The results reveal that the South African credit cycle is weakly countercyclical, suggesting the domestic business cycle may lead credit growth. Additionally, the South African financial cycle is driven mainly by common movements in the funding, credit, equity and global markets. Moreover, moderate positive co-movement with the global financial cycle, and stronger negative co-movement with the VIX, suggests the South African financial cycle is not isolated from common global factors. Therefore, we can infer that South African post-crisis debt growth may be a symptom of low and protracted global interest rates over the period. Based on these results, policymakers are advised to consider targeted macroprudential measures, such as balance sheet stress testing and macroprudential levies, to manage specific vulnerabilities.M.Com. (Development Economics

Comparative investment analysis for small scale broiler and layer enterprises in Zambia

Master of AgribusinessDepartment of Agricultural EconomicsAllen M. FeatherstoneSmall scale broiler and layer production constitutes a significant part of the poultry industry in Zambia. However, the contribution of small scale enterprises to broiler production is more pronounced than layers with statistics showing 60 and 30 percent for broilers and layers, respectively. This study was carried out for the purpose of determining the economic profitability of both broiler and layer enterprises and also to evaluate their degree of attractiveness for investment. The thesis used the Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return methods to determine the economic profitability for both broiler and layer enterprises. The data used in the analyses were obtained direct from the market and additional data were extracted from the Cost of Doing Business Manual 2012, a publication of the Zambian Development Agency. Additionally, the study used a capital investment of US $50,000 for each enterprise, 25 percent opportunity cost of capital and an economic life of five years. The data were used in estimating the enterprise budgets for both broiler and layer enterprises from which income statements were generated. The enterprise budget for broiler production estimated revenue from the sale of live broiler chickens at a wholesale price while the layer enterprise budget estimated its revenue from the sale of eggs and culled hens. The sale prices used were US$5 per broiler chicken, US $3.60 per tray of eggs and US$2 per culled hen as obtaining on the market at the time. In addition, production was estimated at 60,000 broilers and 30,000 trays of eggs from 3,000 layers annually. The cost of constructing brooder houses and purchase of production equipment were the major cost components for the two enterprise budget estimates. The estimates indicated that these two cost components amounted to US $27,090 and US$21,095 for boiler and layer enterprises respectively. The other cost component was production cost and it includes the cost of labor, feed, day old chicks, marketing, vaccines, transportation, electricity, debeakers, heaters, stationery, etc. The cost of feed constituted about 65 percent of total production cost for layer enterprises and about 60 percent for broiler enterprises. The total production cost as a percentage of revenue was estimated at 80 percent and 70 percent for broiler and layer enterprises, respectively. The analyses were completed under three alternative scenarios that included optimistic, expected and pessimistic scenarios. The analyses across all scenarios show that both broiler and layer enterprises are economically viable for investment though the broiler enterprise is more economically profitable than the layer enterprise. They both show positive NPVs and IRRs in excess of the 25 percent opportunity cost of capital used in the analysis. The analysis for broiler enterprise showed a NPV of US $178,242 for the optimistic scenario, US$122,742 for the expected scenario and US $30,550 for the pessimistic scenario. Results obtained from layer enterprise analysis showed NPVs of US$72,388, US $49,260 and US$11,186 for the optimistic, expected and pessimistic scenarios, respectively. Consistent with the decision rules of the NPV and IRR methods, both enterprises were found to be economically viable for investment. On a comparative basis though, the small scale broiler enterprise was found to be more attractive for investment than the small scale layer enterprise as indicated by the results of the NPVs and IRRs. The lucrative nature of the broiler enterprise and easy of management could be used as possible explanation to the current investment trends seen in the Zambian poultry industry

The Status of African Customary Criminal Law and Justice under the Received English Criminal Law in Zambia: A Case for the Integration of the Two Systems

A ZLRev article on Zimbia's judiciary system.The coming of the British administration to Zambia towards the beginning of the 19th Century brought with it not only a different system of maintaining social order, but an entirely new criminal justice system This article attempts to examine African criminal law and justice which prevailed at the time the Europeans came, the introduced and current English system and the European reaction to the former. It then assesses the impact English ideals of criminal justice had on the indigenous African concepts and practices and throws light on the continuities of certain themes introduced during the Colonial rule into the post-independence Zambia. The article ends with a call for the integration of certain traditional practices into* 1 the modern criminal justice, without sacrificing the basic aspects of justice. This approach would enhance the acceptability of criminal justice which at the moment could be regarded as rather too divorced from people's expectations and sense of justice especially if viewed in the eyes of traditional practices