Fuzzy-based adaptive learning network using search and rescue optimization for e-waste management model: case study

In recent days, the expansion of e-waste disposal should be increased due to environmental hazards, contamination of groundwater, an unconcerned consequence on marine life, human health, and decrease in the fertility of the soil. The majority of the developing countries are facing massive issues in implementing sustainable e-waste management schemes. The unofficial e-waste management schemes in the region of Chandigarh, India, have become a serious dispute for the government and several stakeholders due to human health and environmental effects. To overcome such shortcomings, this paper proposes an efficient e-waste management system using fuzzy c-means based adaptive optimal neural network. Here fuzzy c-means clustering approach is employed to classify the household e-wastes and adaptive optimal neural network is employed to analyze the relative weights as well as the grading of the obstructions. Here, the financial and economic limitations are regarded as the most important obstructions of e-waste formalization. The sensitivity analysis is carried out to verify the structure robustness and address the bias effect. This study assists the lawmakers to create organized strategies for an efficient e-waste management system. The sustainable set of e-waste management system advances the e-waste management in India quality thereby raising the recycling rate to 40%

Behavior-based swarm model using fuzzy controller for route planning and E-waste collection

Nowadays, because of the increase in consumption of electronic equipment and its resource utilization, household e-waste has been generated gradually. The increase in e-waste generation brought environmental burdens as well as a health risk in several nations. The disposal of e-waste in landfills is not recommended due to some poisonous and contaminated chemicals. The improper collection of e-waste leads to a negative impact on human health and also causes air pollution, as well as the long-term effects on the environment. To address such issues, the behavior-based swarm model using a fuzzy controller (BSFC) is proposed for efficient e-waste collection. The proposed algorithm is employed to solve the problem based on routing associated with the time window for the heterogeneous fleet of the e-waste collection vehicle. The approach is provided for the online system that enables the people to request for the collection of e-waste components and also to solve the vehicle’s routing problem. The optimization result demonstrates the decrease in the collection cost and also the on-time e-waste collection from the household. The method comprises the implementation of e-waste collection requests in China and India for several urban arrangements of buildings and streets. The proposed approach fetches considerable enhancement in vehicle routing plans for the e-waste collection, counting the positive social impacts for the waste collection, particularly in urban regions

Experimental and computational DFT, drift-diffusion studies of cobalt-based hybrid perovskite crystals as absorbers in perovskite solar cells

The optimised designs of dimethyl ammonium cobalt formate-based perovskite crystals [(CH3)2NH2]Co(HCOO)3 were experimentally synthesized and computationally utilized as absorbers for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Crystals were grown using solvothermal synthesis. Additive materials (Fe, Ni) are responsible for the growth and suppression of crystals in the micrometre range. Temperature and pressure were altered to obtain optimum growth conditions. Grown crystals were characterized by spectroscopy (XRD, FT-IR, UV-Vis) and optical microscopy. Combined density functional theory (DFT) and drift-diffusion modelling frameworks were simulated. These simulators were used to examine various perovskite absorbers for solar-cell configurations. Field calculations were used to examine the structural stability, band structure, and electronic contribution of the constituent elements in [(CH3)2NH2]Co1−nMn(HCOO)3 (M = Fe, Ni and n = 0, 0.1) as absorber material. Conventional TiO2 and spiro-OMeTAD were used as the electron-transport layer and hole-transport layer, respectively, and Pt was used as a back contact. Comprehensive analysis of the effects of several parameters (layer thickness, series and shunt resistances, temperature, generation-recombination rates, current-voltage density, quantum efficiency) was carried out using simulation. Our proposed strategy may pave the way for further design of new absorber materials for PSCs.</p

Ultrasonic Interferometry and Physiothermal properties of Al2O3/CuO nanofluids

Nanoparticles suspended in conventional fluids also named as nanofluids are being researched due to its unique thermal behaviour and its employability as heat transfer fluids. This report details the preparation and stabilization of Al2O3/CuO nanofluids and was analyzed by X-Ray diffraction, SEM and IR respectively. Further the synthesized nanoparticles are dispersed in different volume fractions of ethylene glycol solvent (0.001, 0.003, and 0.005 mass fractions) to prepare nanofluids. The nanofluids were prepared via rigorous stirring and ultrasonic agitation to maintain the stability. Further these nanofluids were prepared without any stabilizer at 2.7 pH. Further the thermal properties were investigated using KD2 Probe analysing unit, which showed that the thermal conductivity increased with higher concentrations of nanofluids. Ultrasonic velocity, yet another property of nanofluids, represents the speed in which sound propagates in a material and depends on density and elasticity of the material. Ultrasonic velocity of nanofluids is important for non-radiative and non-destructive structural analysis and hence the same has been investigated. Results proved that the prepared nanocoolants are stable and hence could be utilized for coolant applications

Reduced graphene oxide supported MXene based metal oxide ternary composite electrodes for non-enzymatic glucose sensor applications

Abstract Diagnosis and monitoring of glucose level in human blood has become a prime necessity to avoid health risk and to cater this, a sensor’s performance with wide linearity range and high sensitivity is required. This work reports the use of ternary composite viz. MG–Cu2O (rGO supported MXene sheet with Cu2O) for non-enzymatic sensing of glucose. It has been prepared by co-precipitation method and characterized with X-ray powder diffraction, Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Raman spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, High resolution transmission electron microscopy and Selected area diffraction. These analyses show a cubic structure with spherical shaped Cu2O grown on the MG sheet. Further, the electrocatalytic activity was carried out with MG–Cu2O sensing element by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry technique and compared with M–Cu2O (MXene with Cu2O) composite without graphene oxide. Of these, MG–Cu2O composite was having the high defect density with lower crystalline size of Cu2O, which might enhance the conductivity thereby increasing the electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of glucose as compared to M–Cu2O. The prepared MG–Cu2O composite shows a sensitivity of 126.6 µAmM−1 cm−2 with a wide linear range of 0.01to 30 mM, good selectivity, good stability over 30 days and shows a low Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of 1.7% value towards the sensing of glucose level in human serum. Thus, the aforementioned finding indicates that the prepared sensing electrode is a well suitable candidate for the sensing of glucose level for real time applications

Quartz Tuning Fork Sensor-Based Dosimetry for Sensitive Detection of Gamma Radiation

This study generally relates to nuclear sensors and specifically to detecting nuclear and electromagnetic radiation using an ultrasensitive quartz tuning fork (QTF) sensor. We aim to detect low doses of gamma radiation with fast response time using QTF. Three different types of QTFs (uncoated and gold coated) were used in this study in order to investigate their sensitivity to gamma radiations. Our results show that a thick gold coating on QTF can enhance the quality factor and increase the resonance frequency from 32.7 to 32.9 kHz as compared to uncoated QTF. The results also show that increasing the surface area of the gold coating on the QTF can significantly enhance the sensitivity of the QTF to radiation. We investigated the properties of gold-coated and uncoated QTFs before and after irradiation by scanning electron microscopy. We further investigated the optical properties of SiO2 wafers (quartz) by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The SE studies revealed that even a small change in the microstructure of the material caused by gamma radiation would have an impact on mechanical properties of QTF, resulting in a shift in resonance frequency. Overall, the results of the experiments demonstrated the feasibility of using QTF sensors as an easy to use, low-cost, and sensitive radiation detector

The Effect of Counterions on the Detection of Cu2+ Ions in Aqueous Solutions Using Quartz Tuning Fork (QTF) Sensors Modified with L-Cysteine Self-Assembled Monolayers: Experimental and Quantum Chemical DFT Study

In this study, a sensing device employing a gold-coated quartz tuning fork (QTF) modified with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of L-cysteine was evaluated for the sensitive detection of Cu2+ ions in aqueous solutions. Three copper (II) salts, CuSO4, CuCl2, and Cu(NO3)2, at four different concentrations (10&minus;12, 10&minus;10, 10&minus;8, and 10&minus;6 M) in small (100 &mu;L) water sample amounts were each used as analytes to investigate the influence of their counterions in the detection of the Cu2+ ions. It was found that, among the counterions, the sulfate anion had the largest effect upon the detection of Cu2+ in water, in the following order: SO42&minus; &gt; Cl&minus; &gt; NO3&minus;. The lower limit of detection of the Cu2+ ions detected was in the 10&minus;12 M range. The frequency shifts measured with the QTFs relative to deionized water were inversely proportional to the concentration/mass of the analytes. Density functional theory calculations were conducted to understand the effect of the counterions on the respective electronic interaction energies for the apparent host&ndash;guest binding of the analytes with L-cysteine and with gold surface-bound L-cysteine molecules. Gas phase (both with and uncorrected BSSE) and solution phase interaction energies (&Delta;IE) calculated at the B3LYP/LANL2DZ and &omega;B97XD levels of theory showed that the stability for the complexes were in the following order: [L-cysteine]&sup;[CuSO4] &gt; [L-cysteine]&sup;[CuCl2] &gt; [L-cysteine]&sup;[Cu(NO3)2], which supports our experimental findings, as they were in the same order as the experimentally observed order for the copper salts tested: CuSO4 &gt; CuCl2 &gt; Cu(NO3)2