Une intégration ambiguë : Femmes et syndicats en Bavière 1868/69-1892

Cet article décrit la lutte des travailleuses pour leur émancipation économique entre 1868 et 1890. Les femmes expérimentèrent différents types d'organisation avant de se décider à rejoindre les syndicats dominés par les hommes. Le prix à payer par les femmes pour cette intégration fut d'abandonner leurs revendications propres - par exemple une meilleure protection de la maternité ou des crèches dans les usines. Ce renoncement peut être compris comme la preuve d'une forte conscience de classe de ces travailleuses ; cela oblige les historien-ne-s à repenser les modèles et les normes de la formation de la classe ouvrière qui reste dominée par les expériences masculines.This article describes the struggle of female workers for economic emancipation between 1868/69 and 1890. Women tested different types of organization before they decided to join the trade unions dominated by male workers. Working women paid for this integration by putting aside female demands like better protection of motherhood or nursingrooms in factories. This abandonment can be seen as a proof for a strong class-consciouness among female workers. Its existence makes it necessary for historiography to rethink the normative model of class-formation, which is still dominated by male experiences

Une intégration ambiguë : Femmes et syndicats en Bavière 1868/69-1892

Cet article décrit la lutte des travailleuses pour leur émancipation économique entre 1868 et 1890. Les femmes expérimentèrent différents types d'organisation avant de se décider à rejoindre les syndicats dominés par les hommes. Le prix à payer par les femmes pour cette intégration fut d'abandonner leurs revendications propres - par exemple une meilleure protection de la maternité ou des crèches dans les usines. Ce renoncement peut être compris comme la preuve d'une forte conscience de classe de ces travailleuses ; cela oblige les historien-ne-s à repenser les modèles et les normes de la formation de la classe ouvrière qui reste dominée par les expériences masculines.This article describes the struggle of female workers for economic emancipation between 1868/69 and 1890. Women tested different types of organization before they decided to join the trade unions dominated by male workers. Working women paid for this integration by putting aside female demands like better protection of motherhood or nursingrooms in factories. This abandonment can be seen as a proof for a strong class-consciouness among female workers. Its existence makes it necessary for historiography to rethink the normative model of class-formation, which is still dominated by male experiences

Ergonomics observation: harvesting tasks at oil palm plantation

Objectives: Production agriculture is commonly associated with high prevalence of ergonomic injuries, particularly during intensive manual labor and during harvesting. This paper intends to briefly describe an overview of oil palm plantation management highlighting the ergonomics problem each of the breakdown task analysis. Methods: Although cross-sectional field visits were conducted in the current study, insight into past and present occupational safety and health concerns particularly regarding the ergonomics of oil palm plantations was further exploited. Besides discussion, video recordings were extensively used for ergonomics analysis. Results: The unique commodity of oil palm plantations presents significantly different ergonomics risk factors for fresh fruit bunch (FFB) cutters during different stages of harvesting. Although the ergonomics risk factors remain the same for FFB collectors, the intensity of manual lifting increases significantly with the age of the oil palm trees-weight of FFB. Conclusions: There is urgent need to establish surveillance in order to determine the current prevalence of ergonomic injuries. Thereafter, ergonomics interventions that are holistic and comprehensive should be conducted and evaluated for their efficacy using approaches that are integrated, participatory and cost-effective

GHG emission under different cropping systems in some Histosols of Malaysia

Oil palm is the fastest expanding equatorial crop, and is one of the biggest threats to carbon-rich tropical peatlands in Malaysia. Smallholder plantations cover a vast area of peatlands in Peninsular Malaysia and follow varied cropping systems. Here we analyse the impacts of specific crops and the effects of proximity to such crops, upon GHG emissions from the soil, and the soil microbial community phenotype. We found that only mature oil palm plants in 1st generation oil palm mono-cropping potentially had significant autotrophic contributions to total CO2 emissions with 33.5% increase in locations closer to mature oil palm stems. The sampling locations closer to younger oil palms and other crops did not significantly increase total CO2 emissions. CH4 emissions were significantly greater for sampling locations near plants with adventitious root system such as yam and pineapple crops. However CH4 emissions were very low in comparison to CO2 emissions, and their contribution to carbon loss was limited in these sites. Surface peat microbial community structure was unaffected by proximity to different crops within each cropping system, possibly due to a lack of influence of rhizosphere in the surface peat layers (0–5 cm). The results suggest that most of the total CO2 emissions from these agro-ecosystems contribute to C loss due to microbial decomposition of the peat soil, unlike greater autotrophic contributions to total emissions in forested peatlands reported in other studies. Hence without appropriate above-ground vegetation or hydrology conducive to peat formation, ancient carbon stored in these peatlands is gradually lost into the atmosphere via greater heterotrophic respiration under agricultural management on such peat-based ecosystems

Methylation levels of a novel genetic element, EgNB3 as a candidate biomarker associated with the embryogenic competency of oil palm

The association between DNA methylation status and embryogenic competency in oil palm tissue culture was examined through Representational Difference Analysis (RDA) approach, using methylation-sensitive restriction endonucleases. "Difference Products" (DPs) of RDA derived from palms of similar genetic backgrounds but exhibiting different embryogenesis rates during the regeneration process were isolated. The DPs were sequenced using a pyrosequencing platform. To our knowledge, this is the first study profiling partial HpaII methylation sites in oil palm young leaf tissues which are potentially associated with embryogenic amenability through a genomic subtractive approach. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that the methylation status of a novel fragment, EgNB3, was higher in highly embryogenic leaf explants compared to low embryogenesis rate materials. These differences are likely to be contributed by the 5′-mCCGG-3′ and/or 5′-mCmCGG-3′ methylation patterns. Our data suggest that the differentially methylated site in EgNB3 has potential as a molecular biomarker for the screening of oil palm leaf explants for their embryogenic potentials

Keep wetlands wet: the myth of sustainable development of tropical peatlands - implications for policies and management.

Pristine tropical peat swamp forests (PSFs) represent a unique wetland ecosystem of distinctive hydrology which support unique biodiversity and globally significant stores of soil carbon. Yet in Indonesia and Malaysia, home to 56% of the world's tropical peatland, they are subject to considerable developmental pressures, including widespread drainage to support agricultural needs. In this article, we review the ecology behind the functioning and ecosystem services provided by PSFs, with a particular focus on hydrological processes as well as the role of the forest itself in maintaining those services. Drawing on this, we review the suitability of current policy frameworks and consider the efficacy of their implementation. We suggest that policies in Malaysia and Indonesia are often based around the narrative of oil palm and other major monocrops as drivers of prosperity and development. However, we also argue that this narrative is also being supported by a priori claims concerning the possibility of sustainability of peat swamp exploitation via drainage-based agriculture through the adherence to best management practices. We discuss how this limits their efficacy, uptake and the political will towards enforcement. Further, we consider how both narratives (prosperity and sustainability) clearly exclude important considerations concerning the ecosystem value of tropical PSFs which are dependent on their unimpacted hydrology. Current research clearly shows that the actual debate should be focused not on how to develop drainage-based plantations sustainably, but on whether the sustainable conversion to drainage-based systems is possible at all