Estimation Method for Vector Field Divergence of Earth Crust Deformations in the Process of Mineral Deposits Development

An essential requirement for effective and safe deposit development is good geomechanical software. Nowadays software packages based on finite element method are used extensively to estimate stress-strain state of the rock mass. Their quality use can only be assured if boundary conditions and integral mechanical properties of the rock mass are known. In mining engineering this objective has always been achieved by means of experimental observations. The main source of information on initial and man-induced stress-strain state of the rock mass is natural measurement of displacement characteristics. Measurement of geodetic data (coordinates, heights, directions) in the period between alteration cycles allows to plot a field of displacement vectors for the points in question. Taken together, displacement vectors provide information on the objective stress-strain state of the Earth crust. Basing on it, strain tensors, displacement components, directions and rates of compression and tension can be calculated in the examined area. However, differential characteristics of any physical vector field – namely, curl and divergence – need to be taken into account. Divergence is a single value (scalar) associated with a single point. Vector field as a whole can be described with divergence scalar field. Divergence indicates the sign (positive or negative) of volume changes in the infinitesimal region of space and characterizes vector flux in the nearest proximity and in all directions from a given point. In the paper authors propose a method to estimate divergence using discrete geodetic observations of displacement occurring on the surface of examined territory. It requires construction of formulas that model vector field for any point of the area. It is proposed to use power polynomials that describe displacement in three directions (x, y, z). These formulas allow to estimate field vectors in any given point, i.e. to form vector tubes. Then areas of input and output cross-section, as well as divergence values are calculated. This increases the quality of geodetic observation and provides opportunities for more precise modeling of the rock mass disrupted by mining operations, using modern software packages

TOPOGRAPHIC-GEODETIC AND CARTOGRAPHIC SUPPORT OF THE ARCTIC ZONE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

A version of the project of the concept of topographic, geodetic and cartographic support of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation based on the use of modern means and tools is presented, including its content. The results of the development in the Arctic, carried out with the participation of the authors in 1961-1967 and 1975-1992, are presented in detail. The strategic importance and great attention of the state structures to the development of the Arctic zone is underlined. The key moments of the development of topographic, geodetic and cartographic support for this region are given. The role of leading research institutes in this process is shown. The proposed concept includes six stages. When creating a planimetric geodetic base, the authors recommend an alternative innovative algorithm for determining the height H without first calculating the latitude B and use only satellite measurements. The extremely important question of converting geodetic coordinates B, L into rectangular plane coordinates x, y is considered. For the territory of the Russian Federation new developments are proposed, they use data from satellite determinations, a new approach to the determination of normal heights and the conversion of rectangular space coordinates into rectangular plane coordinates necessary for mapping. The required regulations of reference documentation for the topographic survey of the shelf are shown. The importance of implementing the concept in connection with the definition of the outer boundary of the continental shelf of the Arctic Ocean is shown

Structural Changes of Mo/ZSM-5 Catalysts During the Methane Dehydroaromatization

The structure changes of Mo/ZSM-5 catalysts with different Mo content (2 and 10 wt. % Mo) and Si/Al atomic ratio (17, 30 and 45) during the methane dehydroaromatization have been investigated by X-ray powder diffractometry, N2 adsorption and transmission electron microscopy. The treatment of Mo/ZSM-5 catalysts in reducing atmosphere (CH4 or H2) at about 700 oC promotes development of mesoporous system. The pores are open to the exterior of the zeolite grain and have an entrance diameter of ~ 4-10 nm. It is proposed that mesopore formation in Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst is connected with the dealumination of zeolite. The mesopore formation in the parent H-ZSM-5 zeolite by NaOH treatment does not improve the activity of /ZSM-5 catalyst

Deactivation and Regeneration of Mo/ZSM-5 Catalysts for Methane Dehydroaromatization

The methane dehydroaromatization (DHA) was studied over a series of impregnated Mo/ZSM-5 catalysts with different molybdenum contents (1-10 wt.%). It was shown that total methane conversion was decreased by 30% during 12 h of DHA reaction. The benzene formation rate was increased from 0.5 to 13.9 mol C6H6/(gMo·s) when the molybdenum content in the catalyst was lowered from 10 to 1 wt.%. The deactivated Mo/ZSM-5 catalysts were studied by a group of methods: N2 adsorption, XRD, TGDTA, HRTEM and XPS. The content and condensation degree (C/H ratio) of the carbonaceous deposits was found to increase with an increase of either of the following parameters: molybdenum content (1-10 wt.%), reaction temperature (720-780 °C), space velocity (405-1620 h-1), reaction time (0.5-20 h). The stability of Mo/ZSM-5 catalysts in reaction-regeneration cycles was better when the time on stream was shorter. The regeneration conditions of deactivated Mo/ZSM-5 catalysts providing their stable operation under multiple reaction-regeneration cycles have been selected

High density experiments in TCV ohmically heated and L-mode plasmas

Recent experiments have been performed on the Tokamak a configuration variable (TCV) to investigate the confinement properties of high density plasmas and the mechanism behind the density limit. In a limiter configuration with plasma elongation kappa = 1.3-1.4 and triangularity delta = 0.2-0.3 the operational density range has been extended up to 0.65 of the Greenwald density at I-p = 200 kA (q(95) = 3.7) and even to the Greenwald value at low plasma current I-p = 110 kA (q(95) = 7). A transition from the linear to the saturated ohmic confinement regime is observed at high density similar to 0.4n(GW). A further density increase leads to sawtooth stabilization and is accompanied by a decrease of the energy and particle confinement times. The development of the disruption at the density limit was preceded by sawtooth stabilization. It is shown that electron cyclotron heating leads to the prevention of sawtooth stabilization and then to the increase of the density limit value

ROLE OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN REGULATION OF APOPTOSIS OF HIV-1 INFECTED CD4+ LYMPHOCYTES

Abstract. Vascular endothelial cells (VECs) are able to induce HIV1 replication in СD4+ Tcells, thus determining their resistance for apoptosis. The revealed facts are specific to EC/Tcell culture and are stipulated by the cellcell interactions between the VECs and HIV1 producing cells, thus being a consequence of activation of ‘productively infected’ T cells

Application of Newton’s method to solve optimization geodetic tasks

The article provides general information on nonlinear methods of programming. The algorithm for determining the minimum of various target functions by Newton’s method of the second order is considered. The article presents the main advantages and disadvantages of the method. A circular approximation of the chimney measurement results is performed using Newton's method. The algorithm for solving these tasks was implemented in the Visual Basic for Applications software environment. The comparative analysis was held based on Newton’s method of the second order with the gradient methods for solving engineering and geodetic tasks. The data obtained allow considering the possibility of the further application of Newton’s method in geodesy, especially while solving nonlinear optimization problems. The development of modern technology allows to automate the computing process by writing specific software modules. This makes the process of calculating parameters convenient for the surveyor, as it relieves them from routine calculations

The Efficancy of Micron and Nanoscale Sulfur the Schutte Fungi

Abstract: Investigations of antifungal activity of micron and nanoscale forms of sulfur on two types of pathogenic Schutte fungi have been studied. As micronized sulfur used crushed in a roller mill, and as nanosized sulfur precipitated from a solution of sodium polysulfide. The size and shape of the particles of sulfur were characterized using a laser analyzer and probe microscope, the structure by X-ray diffractometer. Antifungal effects of sulfur particles in Sabouraud medium and field expierence have been studied. It is found that in all cases of laboratory and field expierence, antifungal activity of nanosized sulfur with an average particle size of 25 nm, 5-10 times higher than the sulfur micron with an average particle size of 8 microns. The results can be used to create more effective than conventional sulfur plant protection products