Putrescine Improve Low Temperature Tolerance of Fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare Mill.) Seeds

The effects of polyamine priming on the germination behaviour of fennel at low temperatures were investigated. For preparing the putrescine pretreatments, seeds were divided into four parts. Two samples primed into putrescine (10 or 20 ppm) for 24 h, other samples were as controls. In order to eliminate the effect of water from test results, seeds were soaked in water only. After the priming, seeds were dried and used for germination test at 10 and 20 ºC. Except for seedling dry weight, all of the priming treatments improved germination performance and seedling growth of fennel seeds. Maximum germination percentage was achieved by 10 ppm Put application and lower value was observed in control seeds. About the energy of germination and mean germination time, polyamine treatments had better effect than hydropriming, but similar results was observed from seeds treated by 10 ppm Put and hydroprime on root and shoot length. Results showed that adequate presence of Put in the priming media had better than priming with water only. However, high concentrations of Put had not significant effect as well as 10 ppm Put. These results indicated that 10 ppm Put priming could be as an effective method to improve low temperature tolerance of fennel seeds

Response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars to nitrogen applications at vegetative and reproductive stages

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of foliar spraying of aqueous solutions 2 and 4% urea at two stages (before and after flowering) and 20 kg/ha urea application in soil (three-week after sowing) on growth, yield and yield components of chickpea cultivars (Azad and ILC 482) under rain-fed conditions. Results showed that the plant height, height of lower pod and 100-seed weight were significantly affected by cultivars. Plant height of Azad cultivar was significantly higher than that of cv. ILC 482. There was no significantly difference between cv. Azad and cv. ILC482 on biological yield. Grain yield of cv. ILC 482 was 4.2% less than that of cv. Azad, however, this difference was not statistically significant. The interaction of urea application × cultivar for days to maturity and pods per plant was significant. Lowest days to maturity of Azad were achieved under 20 kg urea applications but for ILC482, it was recorded under 4% urea spraying before flowering. Urea spraying at before flowering of ILC 482 cause reduction in days to maturity, and lowest period was observed at this stage. The effect of urea treatment on plant height was notable but other traits were not significantly affected by nitrogen applications. Highest plant height was obtained by application of 20 kg/ha urea in soil. However, difference among 20 kg urea application, 2% and 4% urea spraying before flowering was not significant. It can be concluded that the nitrogen fertilizer applying in rain-fed chickpea is not effective. Consequently, unused nitrogen in the soil/or plant can cause soil and air pollution

Putrescine improve low temperature tolerance of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) seeds

The effects of polyamine priming on the germination behaviour of fennel at low temperatures were investigated. For preparing the putrescine pretreatments, seeds were divided into four parts. Two samples primed into putrescine (10 or 20 ppm) for 24 h, other samples were as controls. In order to eliminate the effect of water from test results, seeds were soaked in water only. After the priming, seeds were dried and used for germination test at 10 and 20 ºC. Except for seedling dry weight, all of the priming treatments improved germination performance and seedling growth of fennel seeds. Maximum germination percentage was achieved by 10 ppm Put application and lower value was observed in control seeds. About the energy of germination and mean germination time, polyamine treatments had better effect than hydropriming, but similar results was observed from seeds treated by 10 ppm Put and hydroprime on root and shoot length. Results showed that adequate presence of Put in the priming media had better than priming with water only. However, high concentrations of Put had not significant effect as well as 10 ppm Put. These results indicated that 10 ppm Put priming could be as an effective method to improve low temperature tolerance of fennel seeds