Water characteristics, mixing and circulation in the Bay of Bengal during southwest monsoon

Influence of the freshwater influx, the wind forcing and the Indian Ocean monsoon drift current on the property distributions and the circulation in the Bay of Bengal during southwest monsoon has been quantified. At the head of the Bay, waters of low salinity, affected by the freshwater influx, occupy the upper 90 m water column. The isohaline 34.0 × 10−3 separating these waters from those of underlying saline waters shoals southward gradually and outcrops around 14N, 10N and 6N in the western, central and southeastern regions of the Bay respectively. The wind-stress-curl-induced upwelling effect is confined to depth limits of 50–100 m as is supported by a band of cold (24°–19°C) water in the central Bay. In the southern and central regions of the Bay, the monsoon drift current feeds the large scale cyclonic gyre apart from maintaining the northward flowing boundary current in the eastern Bay. A warm (27°–23°C), saline (35.0–35.2 × 10−3) watermass is advected northeastward along with the monsoon drift current into the Bay up to 14N at the depth limits of 50–100 m. Below this depth, in the western Bay a well-defined southward flow in the form of a boundary current is documented. Intense vertical mixing is inferred at the zones of salinity fronts in the depth limits of 40–100 m and also at deeper depths (\u3e 2200 m) and elsewhere lateral mixing is predominant

Conversion of Dynamic High Pressures from Air to Water for a Spherical TNT Charge

A numerical method has been applied to convert the dynamic high pressures from air-to-water for a spherical TNT charge. Standard equation of scaling law in air for TNT has been utilised to make the necessary conversions. The investigations have been made by taking into consideration the ambient pressure values for the two media. The calculations have been performed under the scaled distances to get better results. Experimental measurements using indigenous blast pressure gauge have been undertaken by detonating spherical charges of TNT under the same scaled distances in water to check the correctness of results and direct application of this method. A fairly close agreement between the theoretically computed and the experimental values of the dynamic high pressures shows the practical utility of this approach in that it enables an estimate of the experimental shock wave pressures, without conducting underwater experiments

Nutrition, food quality and alternative uses of sorghum

Sorghum is grown in India and Africa Primarily for human consumption and is the staple food for millions of farmers..

Beneficiation of Indian Heavy Mineral Sands- Some New Possibilities Identified by Tata Steel

Titanium, the 9th most abundant element on the earth's crust, is available mostly (90%)in the form of ilmenite (FeO.TiO2) and leucoxene (weathered ilmenite). These titanium bearing minerals occur either as placer minerals or some times, as rock deposits (e.g. in canada and Norway

Porous copper template from partially spark plasma-sintered Cu-Zn aggregate via dezincification

Present work deals with the preparation of spark plasma-sintered Cu-Zn aggregate (5, 10 and 20 wt% Zn) with interfacial bonding only starting from elemental powders of Cu and Zn (99.9% purity) and subsequently making of porous template of Cu by dezincification. Sintering is done so as to achieve only interfacial bonding with the aim to maintain maximum potential difference between the Cu and Zn particles during dezincification process in various solutions, viz. 1 N HCl and 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions. X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and SEM-EDS are carried out to examine microstructural evolution and subsequent changes in hardness with sintering temperatures and different Zn percentages. Dezincification and pore formation are conducted on sintered 0.5 mm thick 12 mm diameter disc samples. The size, distribution and nature of pores in porous templates of Cu are then investigated using optical microscopy and SEM-EDS analysis

Interallelic relations among endosperm variants in sorghum

The inheritance of four endosperm variants of sorghum that exhibit xenia effects was studied in the F1, F2, and backcross seed of crosses among variants and with the normal type. It was concluded that the endosperm variants vanl, sugary (su), and high lysine (h1) are controlled by three Independent single recessive alleles and that dimpled endosperm is controlled by a single recessive allele (dp) allellc to that controlling the vanl endosperm trai

A screening test for grain hardness in sorghum employing density grading in sodium nitrate solution

n indirect, non-destructive, inexpensive and simple method for testing hardness of sorghum grain was developed using density grading in sodium nitrate solution with a density of 1·315 g/ml at 25°C. The percentage of floating kernels was highly correlated with percentage vitreousness, the grain hardness determined as work required for grinding, flour particle size, and with rheological properties of a sorghum flour dough

Energy and Link Quality Based Routing for Data Gathering Tree in Wireless Sensor Networks Under TINYOS - 2.X

Energy is one of the most important and scarce resources in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). WSN nodes work with the embedded operating system called TinyOS, which addresses the constrains of the WSN nodes such as limited processing power, memory, energy, etc and it uses the collection Tree Protocol (CTP) to collect the data from the sensor nodes. It uses either the four-bit link estimation or Link Estimation Exchange Protocol (LEEP) to predict the bi directional quality of the wireless link between the nodes and the next hop candidate is based on the estimated link quality. The residual energy of the node is an important key factor, which plays a vital role in the lifetime of the network and hence this has to taken as one of the metric in the parent selection. In this work, we consider the remaining energy of the node as one of the metric to decide the parent in addition to the link quality metrics. The proposed protocol was compared with CTP protocol in terms of number of packets forwarded by each node and packet reception ratio (PRR) of the network. This work was simulated in TOSSIM simulator and the same was tested in Crossbow IRIS radio test bed. The results show that our algorithm performs better than CTP in terms of load distribution and hence the increased lifetimeComment: 14 Pages, IJWM