The effect of maximal eccentric knee extensor contractions on maximal knee extensor isometric torque.

<p>Measurements were taken before (Pre), immediately after (Post), and 3 h, 24 h, and 7 days following the eccentric contractions. Values are means ± SD; <i>n</i> = 6. *<i>P<</i>0.05– significantly different from Pre.</p

The effects of maximal eccentric knee extensor contractions on [³H]ouabain binding site content (a) and maximal <i>in vitro</i> K⁺-stimulated 3-<i>O</i>-methylfluorescein phosphatase (3-<i>O</i>-MFPase) activity (b).

<p>Measurements were made on muscle biopsy samples taken from the vastus lateralis muscle before (Pre), immediately after (Post), and 3 h, 24 h, and 7 days following the eccentric contractions. Values are means ± SD; <i>n</i> = 6.</p

The effect of maximal eccentric knee extensor contractions on plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity.

<p>Measurements were taken before (Pre), immediately after (Post), and 3 h, 24 h, and 7 days following the eccentric contractions. Values are means ± SD; <i>n</i> = 6. *<i>P</i><0.05– significantly different from Pre, Post and 7 d. # P<0.05– significantly different from all other time points.</p

Exercise intervention in New Zealand Polynesian peoples with type 2 diabetes: cultural considerations and clinical trial recommendations

The Maori and Pacific Islands peoples of New Zealand suffer a greater burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated comorbidities than their European counterparts. Empirical evidence supports the clinical application of aerobic and resistance training for effective diabetes management and potential remission, but few studies have investigated the effectiveness of these interventions in specific ethnic cohorts. We recently conducted the first trial to investigate the effect of prescribed exercise training in Polynesian people with T2DM. This article presents the cultural considerations undertaken to successfully implement the study. The research procedures were accepted and approved by cultural liaisons and potential participants. The approved methodology involved a trial evaluating and comparing the effects of two, 16-week exercise regimens (i.e. aerobic training and resistance training) on glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), related diabetes markers (i.e. insulin resistance, blood lipids, relevant cytokines and anthropometric and hemodynamic indices) and health-related quality of life. Future exercise-related research or implementation strategies in this cohort should focus on cultural awareness and techniques to enhance participation and compliance. Our approach to cultural consultation could be considered by researchers undertaking trials in this and other ethnic populations suffering an extreme burden of T2DM, including indigenous Australians and Americans

South Pacific Islanders resist type 2 diabetes : comparison of aerobic and resistance training

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two exercise modalities for improving glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and associated clinical outcomes in Polynesian adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and visceral obesity. Twenty-six adults were randomized to receive resistance training or aerobic training, 3x/week, for 16 weeks. Dependent variables collected before and after intervention included: diabetes markers including HbA1c, blood lipids, relevant cytokines (C-reactive protein, adiponectin), and anthropometric and hemodynamic indices. Eighteen participants (72% female; age: 49.3 ± 5.3 years; waist circumference: 128.7 ± 18.7 cm) completed the intervention and follow-up assessments. Body mass index in the whole cohort at baseline indicated Class III (morbid) obesity (43.8 ± 9.5 kg/m2). Compliance to training was 73 ± 19 and 67 ± 18% in the aerobic and resistance training groups, respectively. HbA1c remained elevated in both groups after training. Aerobic training reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure and increased serum triglycerides (all P < 0.05). No other exercise-induced adaptations were noted within or between groups. Post hoc analysis using pooled data indicated that higher adherence to training (≥75% attendance, n = 8) significantly reduced waist circumference (P < 0.001) and tended to reduce body weight and fasting insulin (all P ≤ 0.11) versus lower adherence (<75% attendance, n = 10). In conclusion, this study did not demonstrate an improvement in HbA1c with exercise in morbidly obese Polynesian people. Future investigations involving exercise regimens that are more practicable and which involve greater frequency and duration of training may be required to induce significant and clinically meaningful adaptations in this unique diabetes population