1,276 research outputs found
The gap between male and female pay in the Spanish tourism industry
This paper analyzes wage differentials between male and female workers in the Spanish tourism industry, using a large, administratively matched employer-employee data set obtained from a representative sample of companies. This allows us to control for unobserved firm-specific factors likely to affect the magnitude of the gender wage gap. Our findings indicate that male workers earn on average 6.7% higher monthly wages than their socially comparable female counterparts. In particular, the type of contract held, the qualifications required for the job and the specific sub-sector of employment are very important variables in explaining this gender wage difference. We also find that only around 12% of the mean wage difference in the tourism industry cannot be explained by differences in observable characteristics, which is well below the average for the rest of the industries in Spain (87%). Our interpretation is that minimum wage legislation provides a particularly effective protection to women in the tourism industry, which is characterized by a large number of low-wage earners.Spanish tourism industry, Wage discrimination, Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition, Censored models
Who downsizes for longer? A longitudinal analysis
This contribution investigates why firms keep on downsizing once they have started to do so. From a theoretical standpoint, we develop economic and institutional explanations for explaining corporate downsizing duration. The empirical work is carried out applying event history techniques to a sample of manufacturing firms drawn from the Spanish Survey on Business Strategies from 1994 to 2005. Although results show support for persistence in downsizing over time, repeated personnel reductions is not a widespread tool in managing the workforce in this country. In addition, we find certain key corporate parameters such as profitability, temporality rate, size and employment termination costs (as well as market demand trends) to be important determinants of the continuation of on-going downsizing experiences. This is the first study on this issue using corporate-level data for Spain and multivariate methods.Downsizing duration, Spain, Organizational learning, Manufacturing firms, Temporary contracts, Employment termination costs
Exits from unemployment: recall or new job
This paper studies transitions out of unemployment in Spain distinguishing between recall to the same employer and reemployment in a new job. We use a large sample of newly unemployed workers obtained from Social Security records for Spain. These data contain information about each individual's employer identy before and after the unemployment spell. A discrete-time duration model with competing risks of exits serves us to investigate the factors that influence the probabilities of leaving unemployment to return to the same employer or to find a new job with a different employer. We find that the route to exit unemployment is determinant to understand the influence of individual an job characteristics on the hazard rate, as well as the latter dependence on unemployment duration. The recall hazard rate exhibits positive duration dependence during the first months and negative duration dependence thereafter (it is larger for females), while the new-job hazard presents positive duration dependence (it is larger for males).
JOB MATCHING QUALITY EFFECTS OF EMPLOYMENT PROMOTION MEASURES FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES
In this article, we evaluate the influence that employment promotion measures designed for disabled people have on the latter’s job matching quality through the use of matching analysis. We focus on two aspects of quality: the type of contract held (either permanent or temporary) and whether or not the individual is searching for another job. We find that employment promotion measures do not improve the match’s job quality. Furthermore, the use of specialized labour market intermediation services by disabled individuals does not affect their job matching quality. As an additional contribution, our definition of disability eludes the self-justification bias.
Working career progress in the tourism industry: Temp-to-perm transitions in Spain
In this article, we analyze the dynamics of temporary workers’ transitions into permanent contracts for workers related to the tourism industry. For this purpose, we use an administrative retrospective dataset from Spanish Social security records. Results show that while individuals with a weaker attachment to the tourism industry achieve open-ended contracts sooner than in most other industries, on the contrary, it takes more time to those with a greater attachment to the tourism industry to exit from the temporary status. In addition, we find that for workers substantially engaged in the tourism industry, it takes more time to reach an open-ended contract when they have held between six and ten contracts in the past (as opposed to holding only one previous contract). On the contrary, for individuals with a weaker attachment to the tourism industry, holding between two and ten previous contracts implies a quicker exit from temporality.Temporary employment, Temporality trap, Spanish tourism industry
The sustainability of start-up firms among formerly wage workers
In this paper we analyse the survival of start-up firms among formerly wage workers in Spain. In particular, we address the question of how long do these workers remain self-employed before entering into unemployment or returning to a new paid-employment, using well-known duration model techniques. Results show that a higher survival rate in self-employment is associated to men, prime-age workers and individuals with higher previous labour turnover. Moreover, longer unemployment spells are found to speed up the rate of transition to non-employment and to reduce that to paid employment. Finally, the probability of exiting decreases with duration in self-employment.Self-employment, Duration analysis
Does downsizing improve organizational performance? An analysis of Spanish manufacturing firms
The objective of this study is to examine the effect of downsizing on corporate performance, considering a sample of manufacturing firms drawn from the Spanish Survey of Business Strategies during the 1993- 2005 period. No significant differences in post-downsizing performance arise between companies which downsize and those that do not. Likewise, we find that substantial workforce reductions through collective dismissals do not either lead to improved performance levels. Downsizing, therefore, may not be a way for managers to increase performance, particularly in a context like the Spanish one, where the labour market is characterized by a high protection of employees’ rights and substantial contract termination costs.Downsizing, Corporate performance, Spanish labour market
Downsizing implementation and financial performance
In the present study we explore the relationship between downsizing decisions and corporate financial performance after top management has decided to downsize. Our focus is on the financial consequences arising from the amount of downsizing and the use of disengagement incentives. For this purpose, we use a sample of downsizing announcements in the Spanish press from 1995 up to 2001. Although the results show that the amount of downsizing is not significantly related to post-downsizing profitability, the evidence provided supports the finding that the use of disengagement incentives (which motivate workers to leave the organization) is negatively related to firm performance. Our analysis helps to understand the role that strategic downsizing decisions play in explaining observed variance in the performance of downsized firms. Thus, it advances scholarly organizational research by reinforcing the concept that corporate performance is not only contingent on strategies, but also influenced by the means through which these strategies are implemented.Downsizing, Disengagement incentives, Corporate performance, Spanish labour market
Characterization of samples containing noble metal values
Issued as Final report phase I, Project no. A-173
Effect of processing parameters on spray drying of full-fat soymilk
An experiment was designed to evaluate the use of spray dryers to transform soymilk into flour. Soymilk slurries were spray dried at various combinations of inlet air temperature (255, 265 and 275°C), feed rate (0.38 and 0.57 Lpm), and rotary atomizer speed (19,300 and 26,800 rpm). Several dryer parameters and product properties were monitored and evaluated. Weather data was included;The average powder pH was 6.64 (standard deviation 0.10) which is very close to the 6.4 to 6.6 range reported in literature. Effect of process parameters on storability were studied over a one year period. Product insolubility showed dependence upon outlet temperature and pumping time, but erratic trends over time appeared unpredictable. Lightness data was a function of storage time and atomizer speed and could be predicted to within ±1.0% error;A psychrometric analysis of the spray dryer, based on collected data, estimated the ideal state of the air at the outlet of the drying chamber assuming an adiabatic saturation process. Equations to predict outlet (R2=0.99) and product (R2=0.80) temperatures as well as process efficiencies and product yields were developed from collected data;Spray dried soymilk samples with added dispersion agents (i.e. Cab-o-Sil°ler or Zeofree 80°ler) to increase flowability were sieved using ultrasonic and Ro-Tap°ler methods. Nine algorithms were used to calculate mean diameter from experimentally collected data. These values were compared with Sauter and volume mean diameter estimates obtained from six empirical relations reported in literature;Models for spray dryer reported in literature were surveyed and common model assumptions summarized. Models found were classified into static and dynamic based on their inclusion of time as one of the independent variables of the model. Static models focus on the steady state or equilibrium response of the system and provide in-depth analysis of the system\u27s behavior. Dynamic models are used for control and focus on the maintenance of a desired outlet temperature or final moisture content of the dried powder
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