Akutna neurotoksičnost acetaminofena u pilića

Acetaminophen is a non-steroidal drug used as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic in humans and animals. In chicks, neurotoxicity associated with acetaminophen has not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to identify the neurobehavioral, biochemical and histopathological effects of acetaminophen in 7 day-old broiler chicks. The acute LD50 of acetaminophen was estimated by the up- and- down method, and then the influence of acetaminophen on the open field activity and tonic immobility test was recorded. The behavioral signs and toxicity scores were recorded. The liver enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were estimated. Histopathology of the brain and liver were performed. The acetaminophen LD50 value in chicks was 1077 mg/kg, intramuscularly. Acetaminophen reduced the general locomotive activity of the chicks, measured in the open- field arena, as a result of a significant rise in latency in moving from the central square, and a reduction in the numbers of lines crossed as well as reduction in the vocalization score compared to the control. Intramuscular injections of acetaminophen at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg induced signs of toxicosis, such as head dropping, closed eyelids, immobility, loss of vocalization, and recumbency, followed by death. Histopathological examination of the brain showed the presence of congestion of blood vessels, vasogenic edema and necrosis of Purkinje cells. Degenerative changes and liver enzyme function showed liver dysfunction. Our results show behavioral, biochemical and histopathological data demonstrating that acetaminophen at high doses produced acute neurotoxicity in chicks.Acetaminofen je nesteroidni lijek koji se upotrebljava kao protuupalno, analgetičko i antipiretičko sredstvo u ljudi i životinja. U pilića nije potpuno poznata povezanost neurotoksičnosti i acetaminofena. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je identificirati neurobihevioralne, biokemijske i histopatološke učinke acetaminofena u sedmodnevnih brojlera. Akutni LD50 acetaminofena procijenjen je metodom “up and down” nakon čega je zabilježen utjecaj acetaminofena na aktivnost na otvorenom i toničnu nepokretnost. Zabilježeni su bihevioralni znakovi i razina toksičnosti. Izmjerene su vrijednosti jetrenih enzima, aktivnost aspartat-aminotransferaze (AST) i alanin-aminotransferaze (ALT). Učinjena je histopatološka pretraga mozga i jetre. Vrijednost LD50 acetaminofena u pilića bila je 1077 mg/kg, intramuskularno. Acetaminofen je smanjio opću lokomotornu aktivnost i stupanj glasovnog izražavanja pilića na otvorenom prostoru, kao posljedica znakovitog porasta latencije u odnosu na piliće kontrolne skupine. Intramuskularna injekcija acetaminofena u dozama od 500 i 1000 mg/kg izazvala je znakove toksikoze kao što su padanje glave, spušteni kapci, nepokretnost, gubitak glasa, ležeći pložaj te smrt. Histopatološka pretraga mozga pokazala je kongestiju krvnih žila, vazogeni edem i nekrozu Purkinjeovih stanica. Došlo je do degenerativnih promjena i disfunkcije jetre što su pokazali jetreni enzimi. Bihevioralni, biokemijski i histopatološki podaci iz ovog istraživanja pokazali su da acetaminofen u visokim dozama uzrokuje akutnu neurotkosičnost u pilića

Metoclopramide-induced central nervous system depression in the chicken

BACKGROUND: Metoclopramide is a dopamine D2-receptor antagonist used as an antiemetic and gastroprokinetic agent in man and animals. The drug causes sedation as a side effect in man. Such a sedative action of metoclopramide has not been documented in the chicken as the drug is not used clinically in this species. The present study examines the central nervous system depressant effects of metoclopramide in 7–14 days old broiler chicks. RESULTS: Injection of metoclopramide at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.) induced sedation in the chicks in a dose dependent manner. The chicks manifested, within 3.6–19 minutes of metoclopramide injection, signs of sedation characterized by drooping of the head and wings, closed eyelids, reduced motility and decreased distress calls. The duration of sedation ranged between 37.2 to 163.4 minutes. Metoclopramide at 100 and 200 mg/kg induced, within 12.2 and 6.2 minutes, sleep (loss of righting reflex) for 43.8 and 158.6 minutes, respectively. The median effective doses of metoclopramide for induction of sedation and sleep in the chicks were 11 and 53 mg/kg, s.c., respectively. Lower doses of metoclopramide (5 and 10 mg/kg, s.c.) significantly decreased the open-field activity of the chicks and increased the durations of their tonic immobility. All treated-chicks recovered from the central nervous system depressant effect of metoclopramide without any observable adverse effects. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that metoclopramide induces central nervous system depression in chicks, and the drug could have potential clinical applications as a sedative-hypnotic agent in avian species not intended for human consumptions

Use of Bernstein Polynomial in Numerical Solution of Nonlinear Fred Holm Integral Equation

In this paper, Bernstein polynomials with different degree has been used to approximate the solution of nonlinear Fredholm integral equations. A comparison between the different degree of Bernstein polynomials has been made depending on absolute error and least squares errors. keywords: Nonlinear Fredholm Integral equation, Bernstein polynomia

Akutna toksičnost veterinarskih i poljoprivrednih formulacija organofosfata diklorvosa i diazinona u pilića

Formulation components of organophosphate insecticidal preparations might affect their toxic action in animals. The objective of this study was to examine and compare the acute toxicity and cholinesterase inhibition in seven to 14-day-old chicks dosed orally with dichlorvos and diazinon in standard veterinary and agricultural formulations. The acute (24 h) oral median lethal doses (LD50) of the formulations were determined using the up-and-down method. Respective LD50 of dichlorvos of the veterinary and agricultural formulations in chicks were 11.1 mg kg-1 and 6.51 mg kg-1 and those of diazinon 6.4 mg kg-1 and 6.7 mg kg-1. Plasma and brain cholinesterase activities were measured by electrometry after in vivo and in vitro exposure to organophosphates. The chicks showed signs of cholinergic toxicosis within one hour of dosing. Dichlorvos (8 mg kg-1) and diazinon (4 mg kg-1) in the veterinary and agricultural formulation signifi cantly reduced both plasma and brain cholinesterase activities in the chicks. The veterinary formulation of dichlorvos reduced plasma ChE by 60 % and agricultural by 40 % and brain ChE by 93 % and 87 %, respectively. In contrast, ChE inhibition by diazinon in the agricultural formulation of diazinon was stronger than by the veterinary formulation; 72 % vs. 64 % in plasma and 97 % vs. 80 % in the brain, respectively. The highest in vitro inhibitions were observed with dichlorvos in the agricultural formulation (50 %) in the brain samples and with diazinon in the agricultural formulation (52 %) in the plasma samples. While they exist, differences between formulations cannot be taken as a rule and further investigations should inventory the toxicity of standard veterinary and agricultural organophosphate formulations in addition to the known data for pure forms.Sastojci formulacija mogu djelovati na toksičnost organofosfatnih insekticidnih pripravaka u životinja. Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio ispitati i usporediti akutnu inhibiciju kolinesteraza u pilića starih 7 do 14 dana koji su na usta primili organofosfatne insekticide diklorvos i diazinon u odgovarajućim formulacijama za veterinarsku odnosno poljoprivrednu primjenu. Dvadesetčetverosatna akutna letalna doza (LD50) diklorvosa bila je 11,1 mg kg-1 u veterinarskim odnosno 6,51 mg kg-1 u poljoprivrednim formulacijama, a diazinona 6,4 mg kg-1 odnosno 6,7 mg kg-1. Do kolinergičke toksikoze u pilića došlo je jedan sat nakon primjene. Nakon izlaganja organofosfatima in vivo i in vitro izmjerena je aktivnost kolinesteraza u plazmi i mozgu s pomoću elektrometrije. Oralne doze diklorvosa (8 mg kg-1) odnosno diazinona (4 mg kg-1) putem veterinarskih odnosno poljoprivrednih formulacija značajno su smanjile aktivnost kolinesteraza u plazmi i mozgu pilića. In vitro su također oba organofosfata inhibirala aktivnost kolinesteraza, bez obzira na formulaciju. Poljoprivredna formulacija diklorvosa izazvala je najjaču inhibiciju (50 %) u mozgu pilića, dok je poljoprivredna formulacija diazinona najjače inhibirala (52 %) aktivnost u plazmi. Ovo istraživanje pokazuje da različite formulacije organofosfatnih insekticida mogu dovesti do različita otrovanja i različito djelovati na kolinesteraznu aktivnost u mozgu i plazmi

Plasma and whole brain cholinesterase activities in three wild bird species in Mosul, IRAQ: In vitro inhibition by insecticides

Plasma and brain cholinesterase activities were determined in three wild bird species to assess their exposure to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides which are used in agriculture and public health. In the present study, we used an electrometric method for measurement of cholinesterase activities in the plasma and whole brain of three indigenous wild birds commonly found in northern Iraq. The birds used were apparently healthy adults of both sexes (8 birds/species, comprising 3–5 from each sex) of quail (Coturnix coturnix), collard dove (Streptopelia decaocto) and rock dove (Columba livia gaddi), which were captured in Mosul, Iraq. The mean respective cholinesterase activities (Δ pH/30 minutes) in the plasma and whole brain of the birds were as follows: quail (0.96 and 0.29), collard dove (0.97and 0.82) and rock dove (1.44 and 1.42). We examined the potential susceptibility of the plasma or whole brain cholinesterases to inhibition by selected insecticides. The technique of in vitro cholinesterase inhibition for 10 minutes by the organophosphate insecticides dichlorvos, malathion and monocrotophos (0.5 and 1.0 µM) and the carbamate insecticide carbaryl (5 and10 µM) in the enzyme reaction mixtures showed significant inhibition of plasma and whole brain cholinesterase activities to various extents. The data further support and add to the reported cholinesterase activities determined electrometrically in wild birds in northern Iraq. The plasma and whole brain cholinesterases of the birds are highly susceptible to inhibition by organophosphate and carbamate insecticides as determined by the described electrometric method, and the results further suggest the usefulness of the method in biomonitoring wild bird cholinesterases

Single intramuscular dose toxicokinetics of manganese in broiler chicks

Aim: Manganese (Mn) produces neurobehavioral toxicity in various animal species including the young chicks. The present study examines toxicokinetics of Mn in 7-10-day old chicks after an intramuscular injection at 20 mg/kg. Materials and Methods: Samples of the blood, whole brain, liver and kidney were obtained from chicks (5/each time period) at 0 time (base-line) and then at times between 0.17 to 4 h. The concentrations of Mn in the plasma and tissues were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Toxicokinetic parameters of Mn were calculated from the mean metal concentrations in the plasma by a non-compartmental analysis using a Windows-based computer program. Results: Injection of Mn significantly increased the metal levels in the plasma, whole brain, liver and kidney of the chicks when compared to respective base-line control values at times 0.17 to 4 h after the injection (with the exception at 2 and 4 h in the brain). The highest concentration of Mn in the plasma and the whole brain appeared one h after the injection, whereas those of the liver and kidney appeared 4 h post-injection. The concentrations of Mn in the plasma ranged between 0.43 to 1.2 µg/ml within 0.17 to 4 h. Those of the whole brain, liver and kidney were 0.11 – 0.46, 6.3–15 and 5.3–22.9 µg/g, respectively. The elimination half-life of Mn was 3.02 h with steady state volume of distribution 24.34 L/kg and total body clearances of 4.78 L/h/kg. The mean residence time of Mn was 5.09 h and its area under the plasma concentration-time curve (0-) was 4.18 µg.h/ml. The elimination half-life of Mn from the brain was 3.12 h with an elimination rate constant of 0.22 h-1. Conclusion: The data suggest that Mn is well absorbed and rapidly distributed after an intramuscular administration in chicks and further support the reported neurobehavioral toxic effects of the metal which are observed within one h after treatment

Učinci akutne neurotoksičnosti mangana kod mladih pilića

Manganese (Mn) is an industrial neurotoxicant in humans and animal models limited to rodent species. The present study analyses the potential neurotoxicity of acute Mn administration in young chicks. The acute (24 h) LD50 values of Mn following intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous and oral administrations of MnCl2 in seven-day-old chicks were 21.3 mg kg-1, 28.1 mg kg-1, 28.1 mg kg-1 and 469.5 mg kg-1 body weight of Mn, respectively. Signs of Mn poisoning appeared in the chicks within 2 min and 13 min after parenteral administration and within 20 min and 32 min after oral administration. The signs demonstrated the depressant action of Mn in the chicks. The behavioural effects of Mn given at 5 mg kg-1, 10 mg kg-1 and 20 mg kg-1 intramuscularly were examined in 7 to 12 day old chicks using the three-minute open-field and tonic immobility tests. Manganese decreased the overall locomotor activity of the chicks in the open-field arena as manifested by a significant increase in the latency to move from the central square and decreases in line crossing, frequency of defecation and vocalization score when compared to control values. It also increased the duration of the chicks’ tonic immobility response. Pharmacological challenges of Mn-treated chicks with general anaesthetics xylazine-ketamine and thiopental caused the loss of right reflex at a faster rate in comparison with control values. Thiopental increased the duration of loss of righting reflex in Mn-treated chicks when compared with that of the control group. Chlorpromazine challenge of Mn-treated chicks significantly increased the depressant action of Mn in the open-field arena and increased the duration of tonic immobility response produced by the metal. The injections of Mn at 10 mg kg-1, 20 mg kg-1, 50 mg kg-1, and 100 mg kg-1 intramuscularly significantly increased the Mn levels in the plasma, liver, kidneys, and entire brain of the chicks. The data suggests acute neurotoxicity of Mn chloride in the young chicks as a form of depressant action that could be determined by open-field and tonic immobility tests with further support from pharmacological challengesMangan (Mn) esencijalni je element, a u povišenim razinama neurotoksičan za ljude i glodavce. Ova studija analizira potencijalnu neurotoksičnost mangana u mladih pilića. Akutne (24-satne) LD50-vrijednosti mangana nakon intraperitonealnog, intramuskularnog, potkožnog i oralnog davanja MnCl2 sedmodnevnim pilićima bile su 21,3 mg kg-1, 28,1 mg kg-1, 28,1 mg kg-1, odnosno 469,5 mg kg-1 tjelesne mase. Znakovi trovanja manganom postali su vidljivi na pilićima 2 min do 13 min nakon parenteralne te 20 min do 32 min nakon oralne primjene. Znakovi su jasno prikazali depresivnu aktivnost mangana kod pilića. Bihevioralni učinci mangana pri 5 mg kg-1, 10 mg kg-1 i 20 mg kg-1 danog intramuskularno ispitani su na sedmodnevnim do dvanaestodnevnim pilićima trominutnim testom otvorenog polja (open-fi eld test) i testom tonične nepomičnosti (tonic immobility test). Mangan je smanjio ukupnu lokomotornu aktivnost pilića u areni otvorenog polja, što je bilo vidljivo iz značajnog povećanja sklonosti kretanju od središnjeg kvadrata i smanjenju broja prelazaka linije, frekvencije defekacije i rezultata vokalizacije u usporedbi s kontrolnim vrijednostima. Također je djelovao na produljenje odgovora pilića na test tonične nepomičnosti. Farmakološki pripravci kao što su opći anestetici ksilazin, ketamin i tiopental davani su pilićima nakon mangana te su uzrokovali gubitak posturalnih refl eksa unutar kraćeg vremena od kontrolnih vrijednosti. Tiopental je produljio trajanje gubitka posturalnih refleksa u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom. Klorpromazin je značajno povećao depresivnu aktivnost mangana u pilića ispitanih testom otvorenoga polja, kao i trajanje odgovora na test tonične nepomičnosti izazvanog manganom. Doze mangana od 10 mg kg-1, 20 mg kg-1, 50 mg kg-1 i 100 mg kg-1 dane intramuskularno značajno su povećale razine mangana u plazmi, jetrima, bubrezima i cijelome mozgu pilića. Podaci upućuju na akutnu neurotoksičnost manganova klorida kod mladih pilića, očitovanu kao depresivna aktivnost koja se može odrediti testovima otvorenog polja i tonične nepomičnosti uz potporu farmakoloških dodataka

Detection of Campylobacter Spp. In Cheese of Awassi ewes milk and its effect in Public Health

The study conducted to indicate the experimentally comparative measurements of Campylobacter spp. Load with food poisoning and to investigate the effect of different types and concentrations of Emulsifying salts : (Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3 , triSodium Citrate Na3C6H5O7 , Sodium tripolyphosphat (STPP) Na5P3O10) , to choose the best mix of them that reduce the microbial load in locally produce cheese . 60 samples of Cheese locally produced from milk of Awassi ewes were been collected randomly from Local Awassi Flock of College of Agriculture at Baghdad University (Iraq) , ( 30 samples to each winter and spring season ) to investigate their microbial load .  Both of all winter and spring samples were in significant (p<0.05) microbial count of Campylobacter spp. . The Bacterio-(static&cidal) effect of Emulsifying salts on microbial activity was confirmed when The Total Bacterial Count (TBC) were highly significant (p<0.01) reduce in cooked cheese with 3% Emulsifying salts added . The Campylobacter spp. count in nutrient broth with 3% Emulsifying salts added were significant (p<0.05) reduce