Utvrđivanje serotonergičnih receptora 5HT1A tipa u tankom crijevu brojlera primjenom serotonina i njegovih agonista i antagonista

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesised from L-tryptophan in serotonergic neurons and enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract. This neurotransmitter is widely distributed in the animal and plant kingdom and regulates some central and peripheral functions through several types of specific serotonergic (5-HT) receptors. Since it is known that the effect of serotonin, especially in pathological conditions, is very important, we believe that determining the types of receptors for this substance would make it possible to use their agonist or antagonists, which would undoubtedly enhance the pharmacotherapy of functional disruption of the small intestine in broilers. Investigations were carried out on isolated smooth muscle strips of the circular and longitudinal layer of the broiler small intestine (strip dimension 3-4 mm x 2 cm). The muscle strips were placed in an isolated organ bath. The mechanical activity of the preparations was recorded via an isotonic force transducer coupled to a pen recorder. This was done following the addition of serotonin (nonselective 5-HT agonist), 8-OH-DPAT (selective 5-HT1A agonist) and spiroxatrin (selective 5-HT1A antagonist). The sensitivity of the tissues to acetylcholine was tested before starting the experiments. Using the obtained results, it can be concluded that 5HT1A type receptors are present in smooth muscles of the broiler small intestine, duodenum and ileum, especially in the longitudinal smooth muscle layer which reacted with contractions even to low serotonin concentration (10-6), but not in the jejunum.Serotonin ili 5-hidroksitriptamin (5-HT) je monoaminski neurotransmiter kojeg iz L-triptofana sintetišu serotonergični neuroni i enterohrmofine ćelije gastrointestinalnog trakta. Ovaj neurotransmiter se nalazi kod velikog broja životinja i biljaka i reguliše neke centralne i periferne funkcije posredstvom nekoliko tipova specifičnih serotonergičnih (5- HT) receptora. Pošto je poznato da je efekat serotonina,posebno u patološkim uslovima, veoma značajan, mi mislimo da određivanje tipa receptora za ovu supstancu može učiniti mogućom upotrebu njenih agonista ili antagonista, što bi nedvosmisleno povećalo farmakoterapiju poremećaja funkcije tankog creva kod brojlera. Istraživanja su izvršena na izolovanim trakama glatkih mišića kružnog i uzdužnog sloja tankog creva brojlera (dimenzije trake 3-4 mm x 2 cm). Trake mišića su bile stavljane u kupatila za izolovane organe. Mehanička aktivnost preparata je registrovana pomoću izotoničnog transdjusera povezanog sa štampačem. Registrovanje je vršeno posle dodavanja serotonina (neselektivni 5-HT agonist), 8-OH-DPAT (selektivni agonist) i spiroksatrina (selektivni 5-HT1A antagonist). Osetljivost tkiva na acetilholin testirana je pre početka eksperimenta. Imajući u vidu dobijene rezultate može se zaključiti da su receptori 5HT1A tipa prisutni u glatkim mišićima tankog creva brojlera, duodenumu i ileumu, posebno u uzdužnom sloju glatkih mišića koji je reagovao kontrakcijama čak i na niske koncentracije serotonina (10-6), ali ne i u jejunumu

Utvrđivanje histaminskih receptora h1 tipa u tankom crevu brojlera primenom histamina i nekih njegovih agonista i antagonista

Histamine is a biologically active amine (biogenic amine) that has a broad spectra of physiologic and pathologic reactions in the organism. Its effects are shown through 4 types of specific receptors (H1, H2, H3 and H4). Histamine is one of the main causes of intestine disorders and the occurrence of diarrhea, both of which are very common in broilers. Whilst there is no information in scientific literature about the presence of histaminic receptors in smooth muscles of the small intestine wall of broilers (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), we tried to determine their presence, distribution and type in this kind of muscles. Investigations were carried out on isolated smooth muscles of the circular and longitudinal layer of the broiler small intestine (strip dimension 3-4 mm x 2 cm). The muscle strip was then placed in an isolated organ bath and the contractions obtained were registered with isometric transducers on a two-channel printer. This was done following the addition of histamine, betahistine (H1 agonist), and mepiramine (H1 antagonist). Muscle vitality was checked by adding acethylcholine chloride. Using the obtained results, it can be concluded that H1 types of histaminergic receptors are present in smooth muscles of the small intestine of broilers. .Histamin je biološki aktivni amin (biogeni amin) koji ima širok spektar fizioloških i patoloških delovanja u organizmu. Svoje delovanje ispoljava preko četiri tipa specifičnih receptora (H1, H2, H3i H4). Histamin je jedan od glavnih uzroka poremećaja funkcije creva i nastanka proliva, koji su kod brojlera česti. Pošto u stručnoj literaturi nema podataka o zastupljenosti histaminskih receptora u glatkoj muskulaturi zida tankog creva (duodenuma, jejunuma i ileuma) brojlera, pokušali smo utvrditi njihovu zastupljenost, distribuciju i vrstu u ovoj muskulaturi. Ispitivanja su vršena na izoliranoj glatkoj muskulaturi cirkularnog i longitudinalnog sloja sva tri dela tankog creva brojlera (strip dimenzija 3-4 mm x 2 cm). Mišićni strip je postavljen u kupatilo za izolirane organe, a izazvane kontrakcije su registrovane na dvokanalnom pisaču izometrijskim transdjuserima, nakon dodavanja histamina, betahistina (H1 agonist) i mepiramina (H1 antagonist). Vitalnost glatke muskulature tankog creva brojlera smo proveravali dodavanjem acetilholina. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata se može zaključiti da su histaminergični receptori H1 tipa zastupljeni u glatkoj muskulaturi sva tri segmenta tankog creva brojlera

Rezidue nitrofurana u namirnicama animalnog porekla

Nitrofurans are synthetic broad-spectrum antimicobial agents that are often used in commercial animal production because of their excellent antibacterial and pharmacokinetic properties. However, nitrofurans and their metabolites have been shown to have potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic characteristics which has led to a ban on the use of nitrofurans in preventive and therapeutic treatment of animals used for food production. Metabolites of nitrofurans that can be determined after their application are: a metabolite of furazolidone, furaltadone metabolite, a metabolite of nitrofurantoin and nitrofurazone metabolite. The presence of residues of nitrofuran antibiotics in meat, fish and shrimps, and milk and eggs originating from countries outside the European Union is monitored and recorded by the RASFF system of the European Union. Furthermore, since nitrofurans are used in some countries as prophylactic agents and growth promoters, it is necessary to carry out constant control of various types of food of animal origin, in order to reduce to the minimum potential carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of these supstances for the health of consumers. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, there is no permanent control of nitrofurans in food of animal origin. The provisions of the 'Regulation on the maximum allowable amounts of veterinary drugs and pesticides in products of animal origin', published in the Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina state the prohibiting of the use of certain veterinary drugs in animals intended for human consumption, including nitrofurans. The European Union has established the minimum required limit (MRLP) for performance which is 1 μg/kg of nitrofurans for edible tissues of animal origin. Taking all this into account, methods for nitrofurans detection should be accreditated and validated, both for screening and confirmatory methods, and further research into the presence of nitrofurans in food of animal origin in Bosnia and Herzegovina should be performed.Nitrofurani su sintetski antimikrobici širokog spektra koji se često koriste u masovnoj animalnoj proizvodnji zbog svojih odličnih antibakterijskih i farmakokinetičkih svojstava. Međutim, nitrofurani i njihovi metaboliti su pokazali da imaju potencijalne kancerogene i mutagene karakteristike, zbog čega je zabranjena njihova upotreba u profilaksi i terapiji životinja koje se koriste za proizvodnju hrane. Metaboliti nitrofurana koji se mogu utvrditi nakon njihove aplikacije su: metabolit furazolidona, metabolit furaltadona, metabolit nitrofurantoina i metabolit nitrofurazona. Prisustvo rezidua nitrofurana u mesu, ribi i škampima, te mleku i jajima poreklom iz zemalja van Evropske unije se prati i beleži putem RASFF sistema Evropske unije. Pošto se nitrofurani još uvek koriste u nekim zemljama kao profilaktička sredstva i promotori rasta, potrebno je sprovoditi stalnu kontrolu različitih vrsta namirnica animalnog porekla. U Bosni i Hercegovini ne postoji stalna kontrola nitrofurana u namirnicama animalnog porekla. U odredbama 'Pravilnika o maksimalno dozvoljenim količinama veterinarskih lekova i pesticida u proizvodima životinjskog porekla' objavljenog u Službenom glasniku Bosne i Hercegovine se navodi zabrana primene određenih veterinarskih lekova kod životinja koje se koriste za proizvodnju hrane namenjene ishrani ljudi, među kojima se nalaze i nitrofurani. Evropska Unija je ustanovila i minimalnu potrebnu granicu performance (MRPL) metoda koja iznosi 1 μg/kg nitrofurana za jestiva tkiva životinjskog porekla. Uzevši sve ovo u obzir, trebalo bi izvršiti akreditaciju i validaciju metoda, kako 'screening' tako i konfirmativnih, te nakon toga ponovo sprovesti daljnja istraživanja prisustva nitrofurana u namirnicama animalnog porekla u Bosni i Hercegovini

Effects of botulinum toxin type A facial injection on monoamines and their metabolites in sensory, limbic and motor brain regions in rats

Despite its toxicity, botulinum neurotoxin type A (BTX-A) is a valuable therapeutic agent for several motor, autonomic and pain disorders. Numerous studies have described its peripheral as well as central effects. Using reversed-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection (HPLC-ED) and gradient elution, we quantified the concentrations of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites in 10 brain regions, ipsilateral and contralateral from the site of unilateral BTX-A administration (5 U/kg) into the rat whisker pad. In regions associated with nociception and pain processing we also examined possible BTX-A effects in combination with formalin-induced inflammatory orofacial pain. The dominant BTX-A effects on the monoamines and their metabolites were insignificant. The only significant increase caused by BTX-A alone was that of NA in striatum and serotonin in hypothalamus. While antinociceptive effects of BTX-A are most probably not related to central monoamine concentrations, the localized increased NA and 5-HT concentrations might play a role in reported BTX-A efficacy for the treatment of depression

THE EFFECT OF CAROVERINE AND ITS COMBINATION WITH AMINOOXYACETIC ACID ON SURVIVAL TIME OF MICE WITH EXPERIMENTAL TETANUS

Tetanus is a disease that occurs in humans and various animal species worldwide. Tetanus toxin, after binding itself to nerve structures in the spinal cord, blocking the release of inhibitory transmitors which results in predominance of excitatory transmitors, and this manifestes itself in skeletal muscle spasm. In theory, inhibition of excitatory transmission can try to antagonize a number of ways: by stimulating inhibitory transmission with application inhibitory transmitors, inhibition of excitatory transmission by application of antagonists of excitatory transmitors and combination of antagonists of excitatory transmitors. Bearing this in mind, we attempted to normalize the disorders by tetanus toxin with the use of caroverine, an antagonist of excitatory transmitors, alone and in combination with aminooxyacetic acid (substance that increases the level of GABA). Experiments were conducted on albino mice of both sexes, weight 20-25 g. The experimental tetanus was induced by application of tetanus toxin. The application of caroverine and combination with aminooxyacetic acid was carried out 24 hours after application of tetanus toxin, once per day, until the death. Caroverine, given alone in a dose of 1,2 mg/kg significantly prolonged the LD50 period of mice with experimental tetanus, so the obtained results can be said that its application only at this dose proved to be effective. The combination with aminooxyacetic acid was gave an insignificant extension of mice’s dying time with experimental tetanus in the trial, compared to the control group. <br /> <br />Key words: tetanus, tetanus toxin, transmitors, caroverine, aminooxyacetic aci

Investigation of aflatoxin M1 degradation in milk

Aflatoxin M1 is a highly toxic 4-hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxins B1 and B2. It is one of the most potent hepatocarcinogens, mutagens, teratogens and immunosuppressors. Feed is often contaminated with aflatoxigenic moulds and aflatoxins with a high possibility of contaminating milk and dairy products with aflatoxin M1. Samples of artificially contaminated milk were exposed to the effects of physical conditions (temperature of -18oC and for microwaves in a microwave oven), time (during the period from 1 to 12 months) and a combination of the above mentioned conditions. Following this, levels of aflatoxin M1 degradation were established by using the ELISA method. An insignificant decrease in concentration of toxin was observed which indicates that a temperature of -18°C does not significantly influence the concentration of aflatoxin M1 in the artificially contaminated milk. At the same time, treatment of milk with microwaves in a microwave oven showed an insignificant influence on the percentage of aflatoxin M1 absorbance

Identification of histaminic (H1-type) receptors in small intestine of broilers by application of histamine and some of its agonists and antagonists

Histamine is a biologically active amine (biogenic amine) that has a broad spectra of physiologic and pathologic reactions in the organism. Its effects are shown through 4 types of specific receptors (H1, H2, H3 and H4). Histamine is one of the main causes of intestine disorders and the occurrence of diarrhea, both of which are very common in broilers. Whilst there is no information in scientific literature about the presence of histaminic receptors in smooth muscles of the small intestine wall of broilers (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), we tried to determine their presence, distribution and type in this kind of muscles. Investigations were carried out on isolated smooth muscles of the circular and longitudinal layer of the broiler small intestine (strip dimension 3-4 mm x 2 cm). The muscle strip was then placed in an isolated organ bath and the contractions obtained were registered with isometric transducers on a two-channel printer. This was done following the addition of histamine, betahistine (H1 agonist), and mepiramine (H1 antagonist). Muscle vitality was checked by adding acethylcholine chloride. Using the obtained results, it can be concluded that H1 types of histaminergic receptors are present in smooth muscles of the small intestine of broilers. .Histamin je biološki aktivni amin (biogeni amin) koji ima širok spektar fizioloških i patoloških delovanja u organizmu. Svoje delovanje ispoljava preko četiri tipa specifičnih receptora (H1, H2, H3i H4). Histamin je jedan od glavnih uzroka poremećaja funkcije creva i nastanka proliva, koji su kod brojlera česti. Pošto u stručnoj literaturi nema podataka o zastupljenosti histaminskih receptora u glatkoj muskulaturi zida tankog creva (duodenuma, jejunuma i ileuma) brojlera, pokušali smo utvrditi njihovu zastupljenost, distribuciju i vrstu u ovoj muskulaturi. Ispitivanja su vršena na izoliranoj glatkoj muskulaturi cirkularnog i longitudinalnog sloja sva tri dela tankog creva brojlera (strip dimenzija 3-4 mm x 2 cm). Mišićni strip je postavljen u kupatilo za izolirane organe, a izazvane kontrakcije su registrovane na dvokanalnom pisaču izometrijskim transdjuserima, nakon dodavanja histamina, betahistina (H1 agonist) i mepiramina (H1 antagonist). Vitalnost glatke muskulature tankog creva brojlera smo proveravali dodavanjem acetilholina. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata se može zaključiti da su histaminergični receptori H1 tipa zastupljeni u glatkoj muskulaturi sva tri segmenta tankog creva brojlera

Identification of serotonergic (5HT1A-type) receptors in broiler small intestine by application of serotonin and its agonists and antagonists

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesised from L-tryptophan in serotonergic neurons and enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract. This neurotransmitter is widely distributed in the animal and plant kingdom and regulates some central and peripheral functions through several types of specific serotonergic (5-HT) receptors. Since it is known that the effect of serotonin, especially in pathological conditions, is very important, we believe that determining the types of receptors for this substance would make it possible to use their agonist or antagonists, which would undoubtedly enhance the pharmacotherapy of functional disruption of the small intestine in broilers. Investigations were carried out on isolated smooth muscle strips of the circular and longitudinal layer of the broiler small intestine (strip dimension 3-4 mm x 2 cm). The muscle strips were placed in an isolated organ bath. The mechanical activity of the preparations was recorded via an isotonic force transducer coupled to a pen recorder. This was done following the addition of serotonin (nonselective 5-HT agonist), 8-OH-DPAT (selective 5-HT1A agonist) and spiroxatrin (selective 5-HT1A antagonist). The sensitivity of the tissues to acetylcholine was tested before starting the experiments. Using the obtained results, it can be concluded that 5HT1A type receptors are present in smooth muscles of the broiler small intestine, duodenum and ileum, especially in the longitudinal smooth muscle layer which reacted with contractions even to low serotonin concentration (10-6), but not in the jejunum.Serotonin ili 5-hidroksitriptamin (5-HT) je monoaminski neurotransmiter kojeg iz L-triptofana sintetišu serotonergični neuroni i enterohrmofine ćelije gastrointestinalnog trakta. Ovaj neurotransmiter se nalazi kod velikog broja životinja i biljaka i reguliše neke centralne i periferne funkcije posredstvom nekoliko tipova specifičnih serotonergičnih (5- HT) receptora. Pošto je poznato da je efekat serotonina,posebno u patološkim uslovima, veoma značajan, mi mislimo da određivanje tipa receptora za ovu supstancu može učiniti mogućom upotrebu njenih agonista ili antagonista, što bi nedvosmisleno povećalo farmakoterapiju poremećaja funkcije tankog creva kod brojlera. Istraživanja su izvršena na izolovanim trakama glatkih mišića kružnog i uzdužnog sloja tankog creva brojlera (dimenzije trake 3-4 mm x 2 cm). Trake mišića su bile stavljane u kupatila za izolovane organe. Mehanička aktivnost preparata je registrovana pomoću izotoničnog transdjusera povezanog sa štampačem. Registrovanje je vršeno posle dodavanja serotonina (neselektivni 5-HT agonist), 8-OH-DPAT (selektivni agonist) i spiroksatrina (selektivni 5-HT1A antagonist). Osetljivost tkiva na acetilholin testirana je pre početka eksperimenta. Imajući u vidu dobijene rezultate može se zaključiti da su receptori 5HT1A tipa prisutni u glatkim mišićima tankog creva brojlera, duodenumu i ileumu, posebno u uzdužnom sloju glatkih mišića koji je reagovao kontrakcijama čak i na niske koncentracije serotonina (10-6), ali ne i u jejunumu

Nitrofurans' residues in food of animal origin

Nitrofurans are synthetic broad-spectrum antimicobial agents that are often used in commercial animal production because of their excellent antibacterial and pharmacokinetic properties. However, nitrofurans and their metabolites have been shown to have potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic characteristics which has led to a ban on the use of nitrofurans in preventive and therapeutic treatment of animals used for food production. Metabolites of nitrofurans that can be determined after their application are: a metabolite of furazolidone, furaltadone metabolite, a metabolite of nitrofurantoin and nitrofurazone metabolite. The presence of residues of nitrofuran antibiotics in meat, fish and shrimps, and milk and eggs originating from countries outside the European Union is monitored and recorded by the RASFF system of the European Union. Furthermore, since nitrofurans are used in some countries as prophylactic agents and growth promoters, it is necessary to carry out constant control of various types of food of animal origin, in order to reduce to the minimum potential carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of these supstances for the health of consumers. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, there is no permanent control of nitrofurans in food of animal origin. The provisions of the „Regulation on the maximum allowable amounts of veterinary drugs and pesticides in products of animal origin", published in the Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina state the prohibiting of the use of certain veterinary drugs in animals intended for human consumption, including nitrofurans. The European Union has established the minimum required limit (MRLP) for performance which is 1 μg/kg of nitrofurans for edible tissues of animal origin. Taking all this into account, methods for nitrofurans detection should be accreditated and validated, both for screening and confirmatory methods, and further research into the presence of nitrofurans in food of animal origin in Bosnia and Herzegovina should be performed

Nitrofurans' residues in food of animal origin

Nitrofurans are synthetic broad-spectrum antimicobial agents that are often used in commercial animal production because of their excellent antibacterial and pharmacokinetic properties. However, nitrofurans and their metabolites have been shown to have potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic characteristics which has led to a ban on the use of nitrofurans in preventive and therapeutic treatment of animals used for food production. Metabolites of nitrofurans that can be determined after their application are: a metabolite of furazolidone, furaltadone metabolite, a metabolite of nitrofurantoin and nitrofurazone metabolite. The presence of residues of nitrofuran antibiotics in meat, fish and shrimps, and milk and eggs originating from countries outside the European Union is monitored and recorded by the RASFF system of the European Union. Furthermore, since nitrofurans are used in some countries as prophylactic agents and growth promoters, it is necessary to carry out constant control of various types of food of animal origin, in order to reduce to the minimum potential carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of these supstances for the health of consumers. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, there is no permanent control of nitrofurans in food of animal origin. The provisions of the 'Regulation on the maximum allowable amounts of veterinary drugs and pesticides in products of animal origin', published in the Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina state the prohibiting of the use of certain veterinary drugs in animals intended for human consumption, including nitrofurans. The European Union has established the minimum required limit (MRLP) for performance which is 1 μg/kg of nitrofurans for edible tissues of animal origin. Taking all this into account, methods for nitrofurans detection should be accreditated and validated, both for screening and confirmatory methods, and further research into the presence of nitrofurans in food of animal origin in Bosnia and Herzegovina should be performed.Nitrofurani su sintetski antimikrobici širokog spektra koji se često koriste u masovnoj animalnoj proizvodnji zbog svojih odličnih antibakterijskih i farmakokinetičkih svojstava. Međutim, nitrofurani i njihovi metaboliti su pokazali da imaju potencijalne kancerogene i mutagene karakteristike, zbog čega je zabranjena njihova upotreba u profilaksi i terapiji životinja koje se koriste za proizvodnju hrane. Metaboliti nitrofurana koji se mogu utvrditi nakon njihove aplikacije su: metabolit furazolidona, metabolit furaltadona, metabolit nitrofurantoina i metabolit nitrofurazona. Prisustvo rezidua nitrofurana u mesu, ribi i škampima, te mleku i jajima poreklom iz zemalja van Evropske unije se prati i beleži putem RASFF sistema Evropske unije. Pošto se nitrofurani još uvek koriste u nekim zemljama kao profilaktička sredstva i promotori rasta, potrebno je sprovoditi stalnu kontrolu različitih vrsta namirnica animalnog porekla. U Bosni i Hercegovini ne postoji stalna kontrola nitrofurana u namirnicama animalnog porekla. U odredbama 'Pravilnika o maksimalno dozvoljenim količinama veterinarskih lekova i pesticida u proizvodima životinjskog porekla' objavljenog u Službenom glasniku Bosne i Hercegovine se navodi zabrana primene određenih veterinarskih lekova kod životinja koje se koriste za proizvodnju hrane namenjene ishrani ljudi, među kojima se nalaze i nitrofurani. Evropska Unija je ustanovila i minimalnu potrebnu granicu performance (MRPL) metoda koja iznosi 1 μg/kg nitrofurana za jestiva tkiva životinjskog porekla. Uzevši sve ovo u obzir, trebalo bi izvršiti akreditaciju i validaciju metoda, kako 'screening' tako i konfirmativnih, te nakon toga ponovo sprovesti daljnja istraživanja prisustva nitrofurana u namirnicama animalnog porekla u Bosni i Hercegovini