Fungsi Sigah Al-amr Dalam Pembelajaran Keterampilan Berbicara Melalui Metode Respon Fisik Total

Keterampilan berbicara (mah>arah al-kala>m) adalah salah satutujuan ekspresif pembelajaran bahasa Arab yang ingin dicapai dalampembelajaran. Pembelajaran keterampilan berbicara merupakanpembelajaran yang terkait dengan peningkatan kemampuanmenggunakan bahasa Arab secara lisan untuk membantu siswamempelajari dan berlatih berbicara dalam kegiatan belajar mengajaragar siswa memiliki pengalaman individu sehingga mampuberkomunikasi secara lisan dengan menggunakan bahasa Arab.Metode respon fisik total adalah suatu metode pengajaran bahasayang dibangun berdasarkan koordinasi ujaran dan tindakan yangberupaya mengajarkan bahasa melalui kegiatan fisik atau aktivitasmotorik. Bahasa diajarkan dengan cara mengaktifkan seluruh gerakantubuh. Pembelajaran bahasa Arab dengan menggunakan metode responfisik total diarahkan untuk mengembangkan kemampuan berbahasalisan bahasa Arab dengan tidak menggunakan teks pokok khususnyabagi pemula, karena suara guru, tindakan-tindakannya, dan isyaratisyaratnyasudah menjadi dasar yang cukup untuk aktivitas kelas.Aktivitas utama adalah guru memberi perintah dan melakukan perintah.Kata-kata perintah yang digunakan adalah s}igah al-amr untukmenimbulkan tindakan-tindakan dan aktivitas fisik dari para siswa.S}igah al-amr dalam pembelajaran keterampilan berbicarakhususnya bahasa Arab melalui metode respon fisik total berfungsisebagai sentral kegiatan pembelajaran yang meliputi fungsi sebagaibahan ajar, dasar pemerolehan keterampilan berbicara, sumberaktivitas guru dan siswa

Hepatotoxicity and Associated Risk Factors in Hiv-Infected Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahirdar, Ethiopia

Background: In Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected patients on antiretroviral treatment (ART), hepatotoxicity is life threatening. Its outcome may lead to liver failure and death. This study was conducted to determine the rate and determinants of elevated alanine amino transferase (ALT) (referred as >40IU/L for both males and females).Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on HIV infected individuals who are on ART and suspected of drug resistance at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar from July to December 2012. Venous bloods were collected from each patient and processed parallely to determine ALT, number of HIV RNAs, CD4 and CD8 T cells count, anti hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B surface antigen.Results: Out of 269 HIV infected patients receiving ART, 32% were confirmed of grades 1-4 levels of elevated ALT. The rate of severe hepatotoxicity (grade 3 and 4) was 1.84%. Patients with increased CD8 T cell counts (P=0.011; AOR=1.82; CI: 1.12 - 2.54), alcohol over use (P=0.014; AOR = 1.23; CI: 1.36- 3.29) and detectable HIV-1 RNA copies (P=0.015; AOR=2.07; CI: 1.15-3.74) independently predicts the elevation of ALT.Conclusions: In HIV infected patients on ART, extreme elevations of ALT were infrequent but minor elevations were common so that patient-linked variables such as use of alcohol intake must be taken in to account for better clinical management of ART patients. The role of active HCV co-infection on the treatment outcome of ART should be further studied.Key words: ALT, HIV, ART, Bahir Dar, Ethiopi

Sero-prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis C virus infection among pregnant women in Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia: cross sectional study

Viral hepatitis during pregnancy is associated with high risk of maternal complications and has become a leading cause of fetal death. So the main objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of hepatitis C viral infections among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic in Bahir Dar health institutions, Ethiopia. This was institutional based cross-sectional study that included 318 pregnant women who attended the antenatal clinic in Bahir Dar health institutions from January 2013 to June 2013. Appropriate data was gathered from study participants. Sero-prevalence of hepatitis C virus was determined by detecting immunoglobulin of HCV using ELISA kit. Data was entered and analyzed with SPSS version 16 statistical software. The overall prevalence of hepatitis C virus among pregnant women was 0.6%. None of the expected risk factors had significant outcome. In conclusion, prevalence of the Hepatitis C virus among pregnant women attending in Bahir Dar health institutions was low and expected variables were not statistically significant

Steam-based charging-discharging of a PCM heat storage

Latent heat storage and efficient heat transport technology helps to utilize the intermittent solar energy for continuous and near isothermal  applications. However, many latent heat storages face challenges of storage charging, heat retaining, and discharging the stored heat. This paper tries to address the challenges of heat transportation and storage charging-discharging issues. The heat transportation from the receiver over some distance, from outside to the kitchen, is carried out with a stainless pipeline and water as heat transfer fluids. However, the  charging-discharging process is carried by conduction method with the help of fins. In addition, the stored heat is retained for about one-two days by using aerogel insulation. The latent heat is stored in a phase change material (PCM), nitrate salt (mixture of 60% NaNO3 and 40% KNO3), which melts at 222ºC and has 109 J/g specific heat of fusion. The storage has the capacity of storing up to 250ºC heat and supply this heat isothermally during baking in the liquid-solid phase transition. However, the sensible heat stored in the solid and liquid form of the PCM is used to perform additional applications that do not require uniform heat which includes bread baking, kita (large pancake) baking and water boiling. The low thermal conductivity of PCM is enhanced by using extended aluminum fins that are attached to the baking plate and extruded inward to the storage. In this paper, two-phase loop thermosyphon of steam is used to manage the long distance heat transportation required between the receiver (outside) and the storage (inside a house). The steam in the thermosyphon flow has restricted to a maximum working temperature of 250ºC. Steam is selected for its highest heat capacity, availability and stable nature. It carries heat from the collector focus point and condenses in a coiled pipe imbedded in aluminum plate placed on top of the storage. Many fins are solidly attached to this plate to conduct the heat down to the PCM inside the storage during charging. This design configuration avoids pressure development inside the PCM storage and the charging-discharging temperature is recorded in three zones (top, middle and bottom) of the storage. The experimental and numerical results show that the heat transportation, retention and charging-discharging methods are effective.Keywords: Solar energy, PCM storage, Latent heat storage, Two-phase thermosyphon

Numerical and experimental Analysis of Solar Injera Baking with a PCM Heat Storage

Today, many developing countries are using biomass as their primary energy supply. However, this energy affects the environment, health and safety of women and children. In addition, utilization of this energy using traditional cooking stoves is causing indoor air pollution and in turn health problems to millions of people. To overcome such problems, efforts are being made by researchers globally and are suggesting alternative safe energy sources. This paper demonstrates solar cooker with an integrated PCM thermal storage and heat transportation loop system suitable for high temperature applications. The system has designed to address Injera baking application. Injera, a fermented flat bread type, is the most common food type served three to four times a day in Ethiopia. Other countries like Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen also use this food. The storage system has storing capacity of heat up to 2500C and it can retain this heat for about two days. The storage has coupled to a polar mounted concentrator, fixed receiver and used steam heat transfer fluid. The steam circulates naturally between the evaporator and condenser in a closed loop. The paper focuses on indirect charging, simultaneous charging-discharging and discharging of the stored heat for the purpose of Injera baking. The frying pan is a custom-made aluminum plate casted by embedding a 10mm coiled stainless steel steam pipe as heating element. The pan is 500mm in diameter and 30mm thick; and the fins are 20mm in diameter and 140mm long. The fins have immersed into a 20kg PCM, which is coupled to a 1.8m diameter parabolic dish collector. The solar fryer demonstrates Injera baking for average family size. Baking is tested from the stored heat, while storage is charging. A fully charged storage has supplied enough heat to baked average household Injera demands about 19Injeras and additional breads with the remaining heat.Keywords: Solar Injera baking; PCM charging; PCM storage; Solar Injera stove design; Solar cooking; Ethiopia

Risk factors for multidrug resistant tuberculosis patients in Amhara National Regional State.

Background: Multidrug resistant tuberculosis(MDR-TB) is becoming a major threat to tuberculosis control programs in Ethiopia.Objectives: To determine risk factors of MDR-TB patients in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia.Methods: Case-control study was conducted from May 2013 to January 2014. Resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid were done molecularly using line probe assay. TB patients infected with MDR-M.tuberculosis and non MDR-M.tuberculosis strain were considered as cases and controls, respectively. Data was collected using structured questionnaire with face to face interview. Patients’ clinical record review was also done.Multivariate analysis was computed to determine the risk factors of MDR-TB.Results: A total of 153 MDR-TB and equal number of non MDR-TB patients’ participated in the study. Patients who had TB treatment failure (AOR=13.5,CI=2.69-70), cavitations on chest x-ray (AOR=1.9,CI=1.1-3.38) and contact with MDR-TB patients (AOR=1.4,CI=0.19-0.39) were more likely to be MDR-TB patients. Low monthly income (AOR=1.1,CI=0.34-0.47),alcohol consumption (AOR=1.5,CI=0.2-0.98) and young age (AOR=2.9,CI=1.07-7.68) were the other risk factors of MDR-TB.Conclusions: TB treatment failure, cavitation on chest X-ray, contact with MDR-TB patients and low socioeconomic status were important risk factors for development of MDR-TB. Therefore, strict adherence to directly observed therapy, appropriate management of TB patients and advice on the value of nutrients are helpful to control the spreading of MDR-TB.Key words: Risk factors, MDR-TB, Ethiopia

In silico exploration of Lycoris alkaloids as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic whose adverse effects have been felt all over the world. As of August 2022, reports indicated that over 500 million people in the world had been infected and the number of rising deaths from the disease were slightly above 6.4 million. New variants of the causative agent, SARS-CoV-2 are emanating now and then and some are more efficacious and harder to manage. SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) has essential functions in viral gene expression and replication through proteolytic cleavage of polyproteins. Search for SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors is a vital step in the treatment and management of COVID-19. In this study, we investigated whether alkaloids with antiviral and myriad other bioactivities from the genus Lycoris can act as SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors. We conducted a computer-aided drug design study through screening optimal ligands for SARS-CoV-2 Mpro from a list of over 150 Lycoris alkaloids created from online databases such as ChEMBL, PubChem, ChemSpider, and published journal papers. The In silico study involved molecular docking of Lycoris alkaloids to SARS-CoV-2 Mpro active site, absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicity (ADMET) screening and finally molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of the most promising ligand-SARS-CoV-2 Mpro complexes. The study identified 3,11-dimethoxy-lycoramine, narwedine, O-demethyllycoramine and epilycoramine as drug-like and lead-like Lycoris alkaloids with favorable ADMET properties and are very likely to have an inhibition activity on SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and may become potential drug candidates. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.704180

Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of PanbioTM Abbott SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test for the detection of COVID-19 from suspects attending ALERT center

BACKGROUND: The emergence and rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a potentially lethal disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is causing public health issues around the world. In resource-constrained nations, rapid Abbott SARS-CoV-2 antigen test kits are critical for addressing diagnostic gaps in health institutions and community screening. However, there is no evidence or proof of diagnostic performance in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of PanbioTM Abbott SARS-CoV-2antigen rapid test kit to the gold standard, RT-PCR, in COVID-19 patients with clinical symptoms suggestive of COVID-19. METHOD: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2021 and April 2022, on 120 suspected patients recruited from outpatient, emergency, and intensive care units in one of the tertiary hospitals in Ethiopia. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from suspected cases and were tested using the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 kit, a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and compared to the reference standard RT-PCR. RESULT: The sensitivity and specificity of the RDT were 74.2% and 100%, respectively. A total of 62 samples (51.6%) were RT-PCR positive. Of these, 46 were Ag-RDT positive. Sensitivity among symptomatic patients was 79.4% (95% CI 68.3-90). The Abbot RDT and RT-PCR had a Kappa value of agreement of 0.735 (p < 0.001). These values were acceptable when compared to the WHO's suggested thresholds. CONCLUSION: The finding from this study support the use of the Abbot RDT as a diagnostic tool in COVID-19 suspects, mainly in those with higher viral loads

Simulation-based investigation of unsteady flow in near-hub region of a Kaplan turbine with experimental comparison

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a detailed comparison of steady and unsteady turbulent flow simulation results in the U9 Kaplan turbine draft tube with experimental velocity and pressure measurements. The computational flow domain includes the guide vanes, the runner and the draft tube. A number of turbulence models were studied, including the standard k - epsilon, RNG k - epsilon, SST and SST-SAS models. Prediction of the flow behavior in the conical section of the draft tube directly below the runner cone is very sensitive to the prediction of the separation point on the runner cone. The results demonstrate a significant increase in precision of the flow modeling in the runner cone region by using unsteady flow simulations compare to stage simulation. The prediction of the flow in the runner cone region, however, remains delicate, and no turbulence model could accurately predict the complex phenomena observed experimentally

The effect of the environment on the P1/P2 period ratio for kink oscillations of coronal loops

The P1/P2 period ratio of transversal loop oscillations is currently used for the diagnostics of longitudinal structuring of coronal loops as its deviation from 2 is intrinsically connected to the density scale-height along coronal loops and/or the sub-resolution structure of the magnetic field. The same technique can be applied not only to coronal structures, but also to other oscillating magnetic structures. The oscillations in magnetic structures are described by differential equations whose coefficients depend on the longitudinal structure of the plasma. Using a variational principle written for the transversal component of the velocity vector, developed earlier by McEwan et al. (2008), we investigate how the different temperature of the environment compared to the temperature of the magnetic structure will influence the P1/P2 ratio for typical coronal and prominence conditions. The possible changes are translated into quantities that are used in the process of remote plasma diagnostics in the solar atmosphere