Gene transfer in the GI tract and oral cavity

Gene transfer is important in spreading antibiotic resistance and other traits such as virulence factors. In this review the molecular mechanisms of gene transfer are outlined and the biological consequences of bacterial gene transfer in the GI tract and the oral cavity (GIOC) are discussed. Finally areas of possible future research aimed at attaining a deeper understanding of the process of gene transfer and the potential for stopping or slowing unwanted transfer are discussed

Mobile genetic elements in Clostridium difficile and their role in genome function.

Approximately 11% the Clostridium difficile genome is made up of mobile genetic elements which have a profound effect on the biology of the organism. This includes transfer of antibiotic resistance and other factors that allow the organism to survive challenging environments, modulation of toxin gene expression, transfer of the toxin genes themselves and the conversion of non-toxigenic strains to toxin producers. Mobile genetic elements have also been adapted by investigators to probe the biology of the organism and the various ways in which these have been used are reviewed

An analysis of the relationship between analyst-user cognitive style differences and user resistance to information systems

Bibliography: pages 102-109.This study investigated the relationships between user resistance to new information systems and other factors, the chief of which was the differences in cognitive problem-solving styles between systems developers (analysts) and users. In addition, associations were tested between user resistance and the following: system accuracy, system reliability, the analyst's attitude, the analyst-user relationship, analyst-user dissonance, the user's age and the user's length of service with his current employer. All data was collected at confidential interviews with the key users and key analysts of 34 post-implementation systems service were recorded at these interviews. Ages and lengths of User resistance was determined from the number of complaints made by users regarding the systems and their manner of implementation. Cognitive style was measured using the Kirton Adaption-innovation Inventory (KAI). All other parameters were measured as responses to suitably phrased questions, quantified using seven-point scales. A significant positive association between user resistance and analyst-user cognitive style difference was found. A model was then developed which enables the estimation of user resistance prior to system development with the aid of the KAI. Significant negative associations were found to exist between user resistance and system accuracy, and user resistance and system reliability. No relationships between user resistance and either user age or user length of service were found

Building Brighter Futures: Children's Savings Accounts in Illinois

In 2009, the Illinois General Assembly created a bipartisan task force to explore a CSA program in the state. The task force recommended that a savings account should be opened automatically at birth for every child born in Illinois, using the Bright Start Direct College Savings Program as the savings vehicle.This report examines what it will take to make these recommendations a reality. To better understand the Bright Start program and how to make it an effective savings tool for all families, we look at how Illinoisans are currently using Bright Start, and explore the challenges low-income families and families of color face in using Bright Start to save for college. We also examine how a CSA program could impact the racial wealth gap in Illinois. Finally, we make policy recommendations for the design and implementation of a CSA program to help Illinois families save for higher education

Sabal bermudana L.H. Bailey (The Sabal Palm) :

Sabal bermudana, known as the Sabal palm, is, at over 200 years of age, frequently listed as the oldest living specimen growing at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (Bown, 1992; Fletcher & Brown, 1970; Govier et al., 2001; Rae, 2011; RBGE, 2012). Edmondson & Rowley (1998) even speculated that the Sabal dated from John Hope’s time as Regius Keeper of RBGE between 1760 and 1786. However, the earliest date most commonly cited is 1822, the year that the plant was transferred, along with much of the collection, from the Leith Walk garden to RBGE’s current site at Inverleith. This article is a summary of its history and cultivation, and offers a description of recent horticultural activities to replace existing supports using novel and possibly unique materials

Phage ϕC2 mediates transduction of Tn6215, encoding erythromycin resistance, between Clostridium difficile strains

UNLABELLED: In this work, we show that Clostridium difficile phage ϕC2 transduces erm(B), which confers erythromycin resistance, from a donor to a recipient strain at a frequency of 10(-6) per PFU. The transductants were lysogenic for ϕC2 and contained the erm(B) gene in a novel transposon, Tn6215. This element is 13,008 bp in length and contains 17 putative open reading frames (ORFs). It could also be transferred at a lower frequency by filter mating. IMPORTANCE: Clostridium difficile is a major human pathogen that causes diarrhea that can be persistent and difficult to resolve using antibiotics. C. difficile is potentially zoonotic and has been detected in animals, food, and environmental samples. C. difficile genomes contain large portions of horizontally acquired genetic elements. The conjugative elements have been reasonably well studied, but transduction has not yet been demonstrated. Here, we show for the first time transduction as a mechanism for the transfer of a novel genetic element in C. difficile. Transduction may also be a useful tool for the genetic manipulation of C. difficile.Peer reviewe

Gene transfer in the GI tract and the oral cavity

Gene transfer is important in spreading antibiotic resistance and other traits such as virulence factors. In this review the molecular mechanisms of gene transfer are outlined and the biological consequences of bacterial gene transfer in the GI tract and the oral cavity (GIOC) are discussed. Finally areas of possible future research aimed at attaining a deeper understanding of the process of gene transfer and the potential for stopping or slowing unwanted transfer are discussed

PCR-based detection of composite transposons and translocatable units from oral metagenomic DNA

A composite transposon is a mobile genetic element consisting of two insertion sequences (ISs) flanking a segment of cargo DNA often containing antibiotic resistance (AR) genes. Composite transposons can move as a discreet unit. There have been recently several reports on a novel mechanism of movement of an IS26-based composite transposon through the formation of a translocatable unit (TU), carrying the internal DNA segment of a composite transposon and one copy of a flanking IS. In this study, we determined the presence of composite transposons and TUs in human oral metagenomic DNA using PCR primers from common IS elements. Analysis of resulting amplicons showed four different IS1216 composite transposons and one IS257 composite transposon in our metagenomic sample. As our PCR strategy would also detect TUs, PCR was carried out to detect circular TUs predicted to originate from these composite transposons. We confirmed the presence of two novel TUs, one containing an experimentally proven antiseptic resistance gene and another containing a putative universal stress response protein (UspA) encoding gene. This is the first report of a PCR strategy to amplify the DNA segment on composite transposons and TUs in metagenomic DNA. This can be used to identify AR genes associated with a variety of mobile genetic elements from metagenomes