Efektivitas Ivermectin dan Albendazole dalam Melawan Ostertagia pada Anakan Domba di Bogor, Indonesia

Giving a half-dose of an anthelmintic is a simple method for detecting resistance in parasites infesting small ruminants. When a single anthelmintic fails in native sheep from Indonesia, a combination of anthelmintics from different chemical classes with different mechanism of action is an alternative parasite-control strategy. This study compared the anthelmintic effectiveness of ivermectin (IVM) and albendazole (ABZ) have given either separately as a full-dose or half-dose or co-administered to sheep naturally infected with Ostertagia. Twelve sheep from Bogor, Indonesia were divided into six groups based on the anthelmintic treatment: half-dose IVM, full-dose IVM, half-dose ABZ, full-dose ABZ, combined (half-dose IVM + half-dose ABZ), and control groups. The treatment effectiveness was determined using the Faecal egg count reduction (FECR) on before and after 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of treatment. FECR of half-dose IVM, full-dose IVM, half-dose ABZ, full-dose ABZ, and both combined ranged from 78-100%, 96-100%, -71-89%, -521-64%, and 54-100%, respectively. The results showed that full-dose IVM was the most effective to against Ostertagia until 42 days and followed the combined that effective until 28 days. Half-dose and full-dose ABZ weren’t effective to against Ostertagia

Farming model of the crop livestock system in the paddy field is located at Cianjur Distric. The crop livestock system is an effort to increase rice production that be integrated with livestock. The purpose of the assessment was to find out the role of cattle on the farmer income through the integrated farming system based on the technology innovations on Cianjur district. The integration pattern was the utilization of plant straws as feed and manure for fertilizer. Integrated farming system that has been introduced are paddy planting, livestock fattening, and paddy straw fermentation for food and also ecreement of livestock for organic fertilizer processing. The assessment involved livestock and 5 ha paddy planting area. The farmer consist of 2 groups ie.: 20 cooperator group (integrated system), and 10 control (non integrated). The assessment results showed that rice yield was 5.34 tons/ha of dried ground rice, an increase of 16.09% compared to those yielded by other farmers. The use of inorganic fertilizer decreased urea to 100 kg/ha (N 71.43%), SP-36 50 kg/ha (50%), KCl 50 kg/ha (50%). The average of daily weight gain was 0.89 kg/cattle daily. The income of farmers with the integrated farming system was Rp 9,417,907 for ones hectare land and 2 beef cattle with R/C ratio of 1.27. The average organic fertilizer yielded was 5 kg/cattle daily, the rice straw yielded was 13.20 tons/ha/year. The C/N ratio of composted feces was 19.03%. Total income from paddy (5 ha) and livestock (20 heads) integrated farming system about Rp 24,867,500 and Rp 60,675,333/season and provide R/C value about 1.44, meanwhile R/C value of non integrated farming system about 1.33. It means, paddy and livestock integrated farming system could increase farmer’s income about 69,45% per season compared to non integrated farming. Key words: integration, paddy, livestock, fermentation

Farming model of the crop livestock system in the paddy field is located at Cianjur Distric.  The crop livestock system is an effort to increase rice production that be integrated with livestock.  The purpose of the assessment was to find out the role of cattle on the farmer income through the integrated farming system based on the technology innovations on Cianjur district.  The integration pattern was the utilization of plant straws as feed and manure for fertilizer.  Integrated farming system that has been introduced are paddy planting, livestock fattening, and paddy straw fermentation  for food and also ecreement of livestock for organic fertilizer processing.  The assessment involved livestock and 5 ha paddy planting area.  The farmer consist of 2 groups ie.: 20 cooperator group (integrated system), and 10 control (non integrated).  The assessment results showed that rice yield was 5.34 tons/ha of dried ground rice, an increase of 16.09% compared to those yielded by other farmers.  The use of inorganic fertilizer decreased urea to 100 kg/ha (N 71.43%), SP-36 50 kg/ha (50%), KCl 50 kg/ha (50%).  The average of daily weight gain was 0.89 kg/cattle daily.  The income of farmers with the integrated farming system was Rp 9,417,907 for ones hectare land and 2 beef cattle with R/C ratio of 1.27. The average organic fertilizer yielded was 5 kg/cattle daily, the rice straw yielded was 13.20 tons/ha/year.  The C/N ratio of composted feces was 19.03%.  Total income from paddy (5 ha) and livestock (20 heads) integrated farming system about Rp 24,867,500 and Rp 60,675,333/season and provide R/C value about 1.44, meanwhile R/C value of non integrated farming system about 1.33.  It means, paddy and livestock integrated farming system could increase farmer’s income about 69,45% per season compared to non integrated farming.   Key words: integration, paddy, livestock, fermentatio

EFEKTIVITAS IVERMECTIN DAN ALBENDAZOLE DALAM MELAWAN OSTERTAGIA PADA ANAKAN DOMBA DI BOGOR, INDONESIA

Giving a half-dose of an anthelmintic is a simple method for detecting resistance in parasites infesting small ruminants. When a single anthelmintic fails in native sheep from Indonesia, a combination of anthelmintics from different chemical classes with different mechanism of action is an alternative parasite-control strategy. This study compared the anthelmintic effectiveness of ivermectin (IVM) and albendazole (ABZ) have given either separately as a full-dose or half-dose or co-administered to sheep naturally infected with Ostertagia. Twelve sheep from Bogor, Indonesia were divided into six groups based on the anthelmintic treatment: half-dose IVM, full-dose IVM, half-dose ABZ, full-dose ABZ, combined (half-dose IVM + half-dose ABZ), and control groups. The treatment effectiveness was determined using the Faecal egg count reduction (FECR) on before and after 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of treatment. FECR of half-dose IVM, full-dose IVM, half-dose ABZ, full-dose ABZ, and both combined ranged from 78-100%, 96-100%, -71-89%, -521-64%, and 54-100%, respectively. The results showed that full-dose IVM was the most effective to against Ostertagia until 42 days and followed the combined that effective until 28 days. Half-dose and full-dose ABZ weren’t effective to against Ostertagia

Candidate Gene Approach for Parasite Resistance in Sheep – Variation in Immune Pathway Genes and Association with Fecal Egg Count

<div><p>Sheep chromosome 3 (Oar3) has the largest number of QTLs reported to be significantly associated with resistance to gastro-intestinal nematodes. This study aimed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within candidate genes located in sheep chromosome 3 as well as genes involved in major immune pathways. A total of 41 SNPs were identified across 38 candidate genes in a panel of unrelated sheep and genotyped in 713 animals belonging to 22 breeds across Asia, Europe and South America. The variations and evolution of immune pathway genes were assessed in sheep populations across these macro-environmental regions that significantly differ in the diversity and load of pathogens. The mean minor allele frequency (MAF) did not vary between Asian and European sheep reflecting the absence of ascertainment bias. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two major clusters with most of South Asian, South East Asian and South West Asian breeds clustering together while European and South American sheep breeds clustered together distinctly. Analysis of molecular variance revealed strong phylogeographic structure at loci located in immune pathway genes, unlike microsatellite and genome wide SNP markers. To understand the influence of natural selection processes, SNP loci located in chromosome 3 were utilized to reconstruct haplotypes, the diversity of which showed significant deviations from selective neutrality. Reduced Median network of reconstructed haplotypes showed balancing selection in force at these loci. Preliminary association of SNP genotypes with phenotypes recorded 42 days post challenge revealed significant differences (P<0.05) in fecal egg count, body weight change and packed cell volume at two, four and six SNP loci respectively. In conclusion, the present study reports strong phylogeographic structure and balancing selection operating at SNP loci located within immune pathway genes. Further, SNP loci identified in the study were found to have potential for future large scale association studies in naturally exposed sheep populations.</p></div

Mapping molecular diversity of indigenous goat genetic resources of Asia

The world goat population is approximately 1.0 billion with more than half of them present in Asia. The Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture initiated a programme to characterize goat genetic resources of Asia. Nine Asian countries viz. Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Myanmar and India were supported to conduct breed surveys, evaluate production environments and assess phenotypic and genetic characteristics of indigenous breeds/populations. This paper reports genetic diversity of 57 goat breeds of Asia located in nine countries and genetic relationship/population structure of 43 breeds located in seven countries. The level of genetic variability among goat breeds/populations across Asia was consistent with the history of domestication, variability being higher near the center of domestication and a decreasing gradient while moving away from this center. Positive directional selection was observed at one or a few microsatellite loci in goat populations of at least four Asian countries including Sri Lanka, India, Iran and Myanmar. Genetic differentiation among goat breeds/populations within different countries varied from 1.9% (Myanmar goats) to 12.6% (Indonesian goats) with a global FSTof 12.7%. Genetic differentiation among local goats within countries was limited, an indication of high gene flow across breeds/populations. The microsatellite based phylogeny showed two major clades: the Chinese goats clustered distinctly while the goat breeds from other countries clustered separately in a single clade. Weak genetic structure was observed in Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan and Myanmar goats, moderately strong genetic structure was observed in Pakistani goats while strong genetic structure was observed in Indonesian, Iranian, Vietnamese and Chinese goats. Model based cluster analysis of metadata broadly grouped Asian goats into two major geographical clusters (Chinese and West Asian) which can be partitioned further into four groups: Chinese, West Asian, South East Asian and South Asian. The results from this study clearly established the genetic distinctness of Chinese goats from other major Asian goat breeds

Bayesian clustering of 713 sheep under assumption of 2 to 6 clusters without a priori population information.

<p>The breed names are given below the box plot and the geographical origin indicated above the box plot with the individuals of different breeds separated by vertical black lines.</p

Least squares mean and standard error of log transformed fecal egg count 42 days post challenge at significant SNP loci in two Argentinian (Pampinta and Corriedale) and two Indonesian (Indonesian Thin Tailed and Indonesian fat tailed) sheep breeds.

<p>Least squares mean and standard error of log transformed fecal egg count 42 days post challenge at significant SNP loci in two Argentinian (Pampinta and Corriedale) and two Indonesian (Indonesian Thin Tailed and Indonesian fat tailed) sheep breeds.</p

Details of candidate genes under study and involved in different KEGG immune pathways.

<p>Details of candidate genes under study and involved in different KEGG immune pathways.</p

Location of sheep breeds sampled for the present study.

<p>Location of sheep breeds sampled for the present study.</p

Analysis of molecular variance among different sheep breeds based on (right) genotypes at 41SNP loci and (left) haplotypes reconstructed from genotypes at 13 immune SNP loci located in chromosome 3.

*<p>Grouping-I: Asia – Bangladeshi, Madras Red, Mecheri, Pattanam, Nellore, Indonesian Fat Tailed, Indonesian Thin Tailed, Shal, Hamdani, Thalli, Kachi, Karakul, Kajli; Europe – Krainersteinschaf, Texel, Bergschaf, Mouflon, Karakachanska, Shumenska; South America – Junin, Pampinta, Corriedale.</p>**<p>Grouping-II: South Asia - Bangladeshi, Madras Red, Mecheri, Pattanam, Nellore, Thalli, Kachi, Karakul, Kajli; South East Asia - Indonesian Fat Tailed, Indonesian Thin Tailed; South West Asia – Hamdani, Shal; Europe – Krainersteinschaf, Texel, Bergschaf, Mouflon, Karakachanska, Shumenska; South America – Junin, Pampinta, Corriedale.</p