Application and Effectiveness of Immunostimulants, Probiotics, and Prebiotics in Aquaculture: A Review

Immunostimulants, also called immunomodulators, adjuvants, or biological response modifiers, stimulate the immune system. They can be administered in the form of drugs or nutrients. Probiotics are organisms or substances that improve the intestinal microbial balance of a host animal. Prebiotics are indigestible components in a diet that are metabolized by specific microorganisms and prove helpful for the growth and health of the host. When provided as dietary supplements in feeds, even in small quantities, immunostimulants, probiotics, and prebiotics usually improve immunity, feed efficiency, and growth performance of crustaceans and fishes. The use of immunostimulants, probiotics, and prebiotics in aquaculture are presented in this review

Alteration in behavior of rat after chronic exposure to acetamiprid

Background and Aim: Acetamiprid is a chemical of neonicotinoid group which binds with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and alters the brain function. The present study was taken up to enlight the understanding of nociception behavior in Sprague Dawley (SD) rat after multiple exposures to acetamiprid. Materials and Methods: For experiment purpose, a total of 48 SD rats were divided into four dose groups having 12 animals each. Group I was control group received only distilled water. Group II, Group III, and Group IV were treated with acetamiprid at a dose rate of 5, 20, and 40 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Rats were tested in induced pain by formalin injection and tail flick test. Results: The flinch counts in formalin-induced pain in acetamiprid-treated rat were reduced in a dose-dependent manner, whereas, in tail flick test, no such altered pain behavior was observed in treated group compared to control animals. Conclusion: Acetamiprid alters the centralized nociception through nAChR but could not trigger the associated signal to inhibit the nociception peripherally

Nano-fabricated materials in cancer treatment and agri-biotech applications: Buckyballs in quantum holy grails

New ideas in the development of the intelligent nanomaterials miniaturized at the nanometer sizes gained substantial interest because of the wide range of their technological purposes. The recognition of the ultimate limits of computation has also lead computer scientists to seek inspiration from nanobiology. Because living organisms function with nanoscale buildings blocks and exploit collective quantum effects and thermal energy. This is necessary for the survival in its "living" thermodynamic status. The hope to break the barrier of miniaturization seems to lie in the knowledge of the self-organization mechanism of living objects. Furthermore, knowledge about the mesoscopic scale might be able to explain the self-assembly and the working regime of the simplest organisms created by nature. In solid-state physics and electronics, a large variety of different non-equilibrium phenomena accompany with the spontaneous self-assembly of the spatial and the spatio-temporal patterns in the nano-size objects. First, we present a recent update of the different nanomaterials experimentally or commercially produced which have been successfully applied in complex biological systems. Finally, we give examples of our pioneering research on 'cancer' and 'agricultural biotechnology' to provide readers befter vistas about the enormous growth potential of nanotechnology in coming years. We have developed an international nanosilica network to do research on cancer biology and agricultural biotechnology. Surface modified hydrophobic and lipophilic nanosilica developed by us has already attracted huge investments in different parts of the globe. We also propose a nanoparticle assisted cybernetic approach, which could be used for early cancer detection in future