Hexagonal Shaped Near Zero Index (NZI) Metamaterial Based MIMO Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Application

A single-layered multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna working at 28 GHz loaded with a compact planar-patterned metamaterial (MTM) structures is presented in this paper for millimeter-wave application. A combination of a split square and hexagonal shaped unit cell is designed and investigated with a wide range of effective near-zero index (NZI) of permeability and permittivity, along with a refractive index (NZRI) property. The metamaterial characteristics were examined through the material wave propagation in two main directions at y and x-axis. For wave propagation at the y-axis, it demonstrates mu-near-zero (MNZ) with more than 6 GHz bandwidth, near-zero refractive index (NZRI), and epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) properties. However, it indicates a wide negative range of single mu metamaterial (MNG) from 27.6 to 28.9 GHz frequency span at x-axis wave propagation. A single antenna with 3 × 3 metamaterial unit cells is proposed to operate at a frequency band (24 - 30) GHz. Furthermore, MIMO antenna with only 4 mm space between antenna elements provides high isolation of more than 24 dB. The measured results show that the MIMO antenna is satisfied with 6 GHz bandwidth, and maximum peak gain of 12.4 dBi. In addition to that, the proposed MIMO antenna loaded with MTM has also shown good performances with high diversity gain (DG > 9.99), envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) lower than 0.0013, channel capacity loss (CCL) <; 0.42, total active reflection coefficient (TARC) <; -7 dB, total efficiencies of higher than 98%, with an overall antenna size of 52 mm × 23 mm

A Perfect Metamaterial Absorber for Sensing Application of Edible Oil

The reliable characterization of cooking oils poses challenges due to the presence of minor variations in their dielectric behaviors. This research paper introduces a newly developed sensor that utilizes metamaterial technology for the purpose of analyzing cooking oils. The sensor design integrates a square split-ring resonator (S.S.R.R.) and a microstrip transmission line. The design exhibits properties of negative permittivity and permeability within the resonance frequency range. This study presents an assessment of the performance of the sensor's permittivity and absorption coefficient. The sensitivity values corresponding to the frequencies of 3.04 and 3.4 GHz are 0.64% and 0.21%, respectively. The absorption values for the frequencies are 99.9 and 99.7%, correspondingly. The q-factor values corresponding to the frequencies of 3.04 and 3.44 GHz are 1410.29 and 1148.16, respectively. A metamaterial absorber with double negative (D.N.G.) characteristics exhibits the capability to be utilized in various applications, including but not limited to microwave shielding, satellite remote sensing, and the evaluation of dielectric properties in materials

Cross enclosed square split ring resonator based on D.N.G. metamaterial absorber for X-band glucose sensing application

This article presents a novel real-time meta-material (MM) sensor based on a non-invasive method that operates in microwave frequency ranges at 8.524 GHz to measure blood glucose levels with quality factor 184 is designed and fabricated. A cross enclosed between two square shapes produces a strong interaction between glucose samples and electromagnetic waves. In this study, 5 were tested noninvasively using the proposed glucose resonant sensor with a range of glucose-level changes from 50 to 130 mg/dL. For this range of glucose-level changes, the frequency detection resolution is 5.06 MHz/(mg/dL), respectively. Despite simulations, fabrication procedures (F.P.) have been carried out for more precise result verification. For the purpose of qualitative analysis, the proposed MM sensor is considered a viable candidate for determining glucose levels

Architecture of Low Power Energy Harvester Using Hybrid Input of Solar and Thermal for Laptop or Notebook: A Review

Abstract: This paper aims to develop and design the architecture of Low Power Hybrid Energy Harvester (LPHEH) using the hybrid input of solar and thermal that can be harvested for self-powered laptop or notebook. This research will focus on the development of the high performance boost power converter to power up any laptop or notebook and design power management system of the hybrid input of solar and waste heat that has been released. The main function of the boost converter is to generate a sufficient DC power supply for laptop or notebook. The second stage focuses on investigation, design and development of the architecture to convert the solar and waste heat energy to reusable energy. The solar energy harvesting elements such as solar panels and energy storage components are used and to be matched to each other with sufficient energy required to increase the energy harvesting efficiency. The proposed design performances will be described using PSPICE software simulation and experimental results. The final stage is to integrate the first stage and second stage, power management module and charge controller module. Then, the developed LPHEH will be simulated, synthesis using Mentor Graphics and coding using Verilog and then download the LPHEH modules into FPGA board for real time verification. The layout architecture of LPHEH will be tested and analyzed using CALIBRE tools from Mentor Graphics. The expected result from this LPHEH is to get 12 V to 20 V of the regulated output voltage from minimum input voltage sources range from 5 V to 12 V with efficiency more than 90%

Author Correction: Double-negative metamaterial square enclosed Q.S.S.R For microwave sensing application in S-band with high sensitivity and Q-factor

Correction to: Scientific Reports https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-34514-z, published online 05 May 2023 The original version of this Article contained an error in Affiliation 4, which was incorrectly given as ‘Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia’. The correct affiliation is listed below: Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia. The original Article has been corrected

Double-negative metamaterial square enclosed Q.S.S.R For microwave sensing application in S-band with high sensitivity and Q-factor

Abstract Metamaterials have gained much attention due to their exciting characteristics and potential uses in constructing valuable technologies. This paper presents a double negative square resonator shape metamaterial sensor to detect the material and its thickness. An innovative double-negative metamaterial sensor for microwave sensing applications is described in this paper. It has a highly sensitive Q-factor and has good absorption characteristics approximately equal to one. For the metamaterial sensor, the recommended measurement is 20 by 20 mm. Computer simulation technology (C.S.T.) microwave studios are used to design the metamaterial structure and figure out its reflection coefficient. Various parametric analyses have been performed to optimize the design and size of the structure. The experimental and theoretical results are shown for a metamaterial sensor that is attached to five different materials such as, Polyimide, Rogers RO3010, Rogers RO4350, Rogers RT5880, and FR-4. A sensor’s performance is evaluated using three different thicknesses of FR-4. There is a remarkable similarity between the measured and simulated outcomes. The sensitivity values for 2.88 GHz and 3.5 GHz are 0.66% and 0.19%, respectively, the absorption values for both frequencies are 99.9% and 98.9%, respectively, and the q-factor values are 1413.29 and 1140.16, respectively. In addition, the figure of merit (FOM) is analyzed, and its value is 934.18. Furthermore, the proposed structure has been tested against absorption sensor applications for the purpose of verifying the sensor's performance. With a high sense of sensitivity, absorption, and Q-factor, the recommended sensor can distinguish between thicknesses and materials in various applications

A compact quad-square negative-index metamaterial: Design, simulation, and experimental validation for microwave applications

This research provides a detailed explanation of the design, simulation, and experimental of quad-square metamaterial-based negative-index unit cells for S-band applications. The Computer Simulation Technology 2022 licensee version was utilized to design and obtain numerical results for the unit cell. The proposed unit cell for the metamaterial has dimensions of 5 × 5 × 1.57 mm3 . The substrate chosen was FR-4, resulting in a substantial effective medium ratio value of 19.07. A series of systematic parametric studies were conducted to optimize the quad square metamaterial structure. Key parameters, such as substrate types, unit cell arrays, thicknesses of substrate, and split gaps, were varied to determine their impact on the structure. The validated equivalent circuit result was compared to the simulated results, showing a significant agreement. The demonstrated correlation between simulation and experimental data highlights the dependability of the proposed quad-square metamaterial, positioning it as a viable option for a range of electromagnetic applications, such as communication systems, sensors, and imaging device

Liquid chemical adulteration detection enhancement using a square enclosed Tri-Circle negative index metamaterial sensor

This study introduces a Metamaterial ’M.M.’ sensor designed and evaluated to detect pure and adulterated fuels and oils. The reflection coefficient was measured using advanced design systems and computer simulations, followed by computational and experimental analyses of the performance evolution of the proposed sensor. The proposed sensor was evaluated using samples of varying compositions of Coconut Oil ’C.O.’, petrol and kerosene. The results demonstrated a noticeable change in the Resonance Frequency ’R.F.’ of the samples upon modification of their concentration. The reflection coefficient values for petrol and a 20 % combination of kerosene were determined to be − 44.81 dB at a frequency of 10.29 GHz and − 41.07 dB at a frequency of 10.15 GHz. Similarly, for coconut oil and refined coconut oil, the reflection coefficient values were found to be − 47.34 dB at a frequency of 11.239 GHz and − 41.981 dB at a frequency of 11.15 GHz. The sensor exhibits a high-quality factor of 451.58, a good sensitivity value of 5.65 and a figure of merit of 2551.427, indicating its excellent performance and efficiency. The results demonstrate the versatility of the proposed sensor, making it suitable for a range of applications such as microfluidics and industrial settings